{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:03:10Z","timestamp":1792710190848,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,21]],"date-time":"2018-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We present two new automatic tools, developed under the R environment, to reproduce the internal and external structures of bony elements. The first method, Computer\u2010Aided Laser Scanner Emulator (CA\u2010LSE), provides the reconstruction of the external portions of a 3D mesh by simulating the action of a laser scanner. The second method, Automatic Segmentation Tool for 3D objects (AST\u20103D), performs the digital reconstruction of anatomical cavities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We present the application of CA\u2010LSE and AST\u20103D methods to different anatomical remains, highly variable in terms of shape, size and structure: a modern human skull, a <jats:italic>malleus<\/jats:italic> bone, and a Neanderthal deciduous tooth. Both methods are developed in the R environment and embedded in the packages \u201cArothron\u201d and \u201cMorpho,\u201d where both the codes and the data are fully available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The application of CA\u2010LSE and AST\u20103D allows the isolation and manipulation of the internal and external components of the 3D virtual representation of complex bony elements. In particular, we present the output of the four case studies: a complete modern human endocast and the right maxillary sinus, the dental pulp of the Neanderthal tooth and the inner network of blood vessels of the malleus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both methods demonstrated to be much faster, cheaper, and more accurate than other conventional approaches. The tools we presented are available as add\u2010ons in existing software within the R platform. Because of ease of application, and unrestrained availability of the methods proposed, these tools can be widely used by paleoanthropologists, paleontologists and anatomists.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,22]],"date-time":"2018-04-22T03:02:39Z","timestamp":1524366159000},"page":"979-986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Reproducing the internal and external anatomy of fossil bones: Two new automatic digital tools"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"166","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Profico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schlager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Anthropology University of Freiburg  Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Valoriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze Firenze Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costantino","family":"Buzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Melchionna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse Universit\u00e0 di Napoli, Federico II Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Veneziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Science John Moores University Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Raia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse Universit\u00e0 di Napoli, Federico II Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Moggi\u2010Cecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze Firenze Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Manzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2016.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411696112"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/115195a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619040114"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14437-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.1065"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109727"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Semilandmarks: A method for quantifying curves and surfaces","volume":"24","author":"Gunz P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-27614-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Blood vessels of the ossicular chain","volume":"183","author":"Hamberger C.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Oto\u2010Laryngologica Supplementum"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22336"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2013.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258750"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A lynx natural brain endocast from Ingarano (Southern Italy; Late Pleistocene): Taphonomic, morphometric and phylogenetic approaches","volume":"26","author":"Iurino D. 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