{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T22:22:05Z","timestamp":1759962125305,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]],"date-time":"2018-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prior examination of the ontogeny of Hominoid talo\u2010crural joint morphology using Singular Warp analysis suggested both a genetic and epigenetic signal during development. This question is examined using trajectory analysis and its implications for the Hominin fossil record explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trajectory analysis was used to examine talo\u2010crural joint shape at different molar eruption stages during development among a cohort of 221 specimens of <jats:italic>Homo sapiens, Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Pan paniscus<\/jats:italic>. Trajectory length, angle, and shape were compared among species. Trajectories that showed a consistent pattern of shape change were predicted to show a genetic signal, while change in that pattern an epigenetic signal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The trajectories of all four hominoid tali were consistent during M1\u2010M2 development, but there was a change in <jats:italic>Pan paniscus<\/jats:italic> alone at M2\u2010<jats:italic>M3<\/jats:italic>. The tibial trajectories were again consistent in M1\u2010M2 development, however, only <jats:italic>Pan paniscus<\/jats:italic> persisted in this trajectory at M2\u2010M3 while the other three changed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trajectory analysis demonstrated an epigenetic signal in <jats:italic>Pan paniscus<\/jats:italic> in the talus and among the other three hominoids in the tibia. Behavioral (epigenetic) changes may impact hominoid ankle shape in extant species. These changes may reflect differences in locomotor repertoire altering shape, as has been suggested in the Hominin fossil record. Further examination of closely related hominoid species may provide insights into potential behavioral influences in the rapid change and diversity of Hominin talo\u2010crural shape in the Plio\u2010pleistocene.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]],"date-time":"2018-07-03T12:22:22Z","timestamp":1530620542000},"page":"173-177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Trajectory analysis among African hominoids can provide insights into genetic and epigenetic influences during ontogeny"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"167","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7257-2487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Turley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan A.","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2009.00649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"Adams D. 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