{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T13:53:01Z","timestamp":1778680381531,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001316","name":"University of Kent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Vice Chancellor's 50th Anniversary Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Vice Chancellor's 50th Anniversary Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004451","name":"Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004451","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infanticide by males is common in mammals. According to the sexual selection hypothesis, the risk is inversely related to infant age because the older the infant, the less infanticide can shorten lactational amenorrhea; risk is also predicted to increase when an infanticidal male's chance of siring the replacement infant is high. Infanticide occurs in chimpanzees (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Pan troglodytes<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>), a species in which male dominance rank predicts paternity skew. Infanticidal male chimpanzees (if low\u2010ranking) are unlikely to kill their own offspring, whereas those who are currently rising in rank, particularly when this rise is dramatic, have an increased likelihood of fathering potential future infants relative to any existing ones. Given that mothers should behave in ways that reduce infanticide risk, we predicted that female chimpanzees, and specifically those with younger, more vulnerable infants, would attempt to adjust the exposure of their infants to potentially infanticidal males. Specifically, mothers of young infants should reduce their association with adult males in general, and to a greater extent, with both low\u2010ranking males and those rising in rank from a position where paternity of current infants was unlikely, to a rank where the probability of siring the next infant is significantly higher. We also investigated the alternative possibility that rather than avoiding all adult males, mothers would increase association with males of stable high rank on the basis that such males could offer protection against infanticide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined data on female association patterns collected from the Budongo Forest, Uganda, during a period encompassing both relative stability in the male hierarchy and a period of instability with a mid\u2010ranking male rising rapidly in rank.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using linear mixed models, we found that mothers reduced their association with the rank\u2010rising male, contingent on infant age, during the period of instability. We also found evidence that females preferentially associated with a potential protector male during the high\u2010risk period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results support the sexually selected hypothesis for infanticide and demonstrate that female chimpanzees are sensitive to the relative risks posed by adult males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T07:17:06Z","timestamp":1539155826000},"page":"3-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Countering infanticide: Chimpanzee mothers are sensitive to the relative risks posed by males on differing rank trajectories"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"168","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4720-0769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana E.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Living Primates Research Group, School of Anthropology &amp; Conservation University of Kent Canterbury United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3893-0524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Hobaiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social Learning &amp; Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology &amp; Neuroscience University of St Andrews St Andrews United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7657-2641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas E.","family":"Newton\u2010Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Living Primates Research Group, School of Anthropology &amp; Conservation University of Kent Canterbury United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02557557"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542466.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198505082.001.0001","volume-title":"The chimpanzees of the Ta\u00ef forest: Behavioural ecology and evolution","author":"Boesch C.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20341"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050629"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2256760"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.10.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0450"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"The chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behavior","author":"Goodall J.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(71)90189-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(79)90004-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","volume-title":"The woman that never evolved.","author":"Hrdy S. 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