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Assemblage A consists of one skull\u2010cup, a non\u2010manipulated adult human mandible, and four ceramic vessels. Assemblage B contains manipulated and non\u2010manipulated human remains that appeared mingled with domestic waste. Using a taphonomic approach, we evaluate the skull\u2010cup processing and the anthropogenic alteration of human bones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The skull\u2010cup was processed by careful paring away of skin, fragmentation of the facial skeleton and base of the skull, and controlled percussion of the edges of the calotte to achieve a regular shape. It was later boiled for some time in a container that caused pot polish in a specific area. The other human bones appeared scattered throughout the living area, mixed with other remains of domestic activity. Some of these bones show cut marks, percussion damage for marrow extraction, and tooth\/chewing marks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence from Cueva de El Toro suggests that cannibalism was conducted in the domestic sphere, likely following ritualized practices where the skull\u2010cup could have played a part. Interpretation of this evidence suggests two hypotheses: (a) aggressive cannibalism relates to extreme inter\u2010group violence; and (b) funerary cannibalism is a facet of multi\u2010stage burial practices. Similar evidence has been found in other Neolithic sites of this region and suggests that cannibalism and skull\u2010cups were elements widespread in these communities. These practices may be linked to significant transformations associated with the end of the Early Neolithic in southern Iberia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T05:47:46Z","timestamp":1551160066000},"page":"31-54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Aggressive or funerary cannibalism? 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