{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:38:29Z","timestamp":1778704709460,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006229","name":"Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Humans generally comply with the ecological rule of Allen (1877), with populations from tropical environments exhibiting body proportions in which limb segments are long relative to trunk height compared to temperate groups. This study tests whether ecogeographic differences in intralimb proportions are identifiable among two modern fetal samples of differing ancestry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data are derived from radiographic measurements of long bone diaphyseal length and crown\u2010heel length (CHL) of contemporary, spontaneously aborted fetuses of African Americans (\u201cblack\u201d) of assumed African (tropical) ancestry and European Americans (\u201cwhite\u201d) of assumed European (temperate) ancestry (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009184). Population individual limb elements, brachial, and crural indices are compared via analyses of covariance (ANCOVA). Potential patterns of divergent allometric growth are quantified through principal components analysis (PCA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>African ancestral distal limb elements were consistently, albeit slightly, longer than those of European ancestry, relative to CHL. None of the ANCOVA interactions with ancestry are statistically significant for limb indices. The radius was the only single element that displayed a statistically significant ancestry effect (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0435) equating to a 1 mm difference. PCA highlights that upper limbs demonstrate negative allometry and lower limbs demonstrate positive allometry with sample\u2010specific multivariate growth patterns being nearly identical. Differences in growth allometry late in gestation make little contribution to observed differences in adult limb proportions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>No statistically significant ecogeographic patterns were appreciated among intralimb proportions between these groups during the fetal period. This study contributes to a greater appreciation of phenotypic plasticity, ecogeographic variation in ontogeny, and the evolution of modern human diversity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T10:22:03Z","timestamp":1552040523000},"page":"93-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ecogeographic patterns in fetal limb proportions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"169","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5374-0270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin B.","family":"Waxenbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Florida  Gainesville Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trenton W.","family":"Holliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Tulane University  New Orleans Louisiana"},{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute University of the Witwatersrand  Wits Republic of South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Byrd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense POW\/MIA Accounting Agency Central Identification Laboratory  Hickam AFB Hawaii"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Theodore M.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Missouri \u2013 Kansas City  Kansas City Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14951J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"The influence of physical conditions on the genesis of species","volume":"1","author":"Allen J. A.","year":"1877","journal-title":"Radical Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"PhD dissertation","author":"Auerbach B. M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1959.024.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"595","article-title":"Uber die verhaltniesse der warmeokononomie der thiere zu ihrer grosse","volume":"1","author":"Bergmann C.","year":"1847","journal-title":"Gottingen Studien"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3378\/027.084.0203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(1997)25 <63::AID-AJPA3>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(02)00294-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330600406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Skull and limb morphology differentially track population history and environmental factors in the transition to agriculture in Europe","volume":"280","author":"Cramon\u2010Taubadel N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21217"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ontogeny of modern human longitudinal body and transverse shoulder proportions","volume":"29","author":"Frelat M. A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.9951"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","volume-title":"Evolutionary biology","author":"Futuyma D.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22496"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1360020303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS10853J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199710)104:2<245::AID-AJPA10>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1998.0289"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1995.1050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS12018J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21226"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Limb\/trunk proportions in Neanderthals and early anatomically modern humans","volume":"12","author":"Holliday T. W.","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199909)110:1<57::AID-AJPA5>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2527939"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of relative growth in the limb bones of Arikara Indians","volume":"52","author":"Jungers W. L.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Growth, Development and Aging"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22678"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199808)106:4<483::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.10140"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001240207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1971.tb00250.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/414425"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1956.tb02836.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","volume-title":"Applied linear statistical models","author":"Neter J.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1953.55.3.02a00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330130102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-44-523-531"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2013.835443"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051795"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0030236"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","volume-title":"Multivariate morphometrics","author":"Reyment R. A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330390311"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330110404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","volume-title":"Climate and human variability","author":"Roberts D. F.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330370605"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10382-1_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","volume-title":"SAS program, Version 9.4","author":"SAS Institute, Inc.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/165286b0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/179915a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1964.tb01562.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(75)90153-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330060404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/394257"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803319105"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","first-page":"849","article-title":"Pattern and process of growth of the abnormal human fetus","volume":"69","author":"Sherwood R. J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Human Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1953.tb00069.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","volume-title":"Growth at adolescence","author":"Tanner J. M.","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330950206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20853"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21515"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172257"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","volume-title":"Aspects of human evolution","author":"Trinkaus E.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","volume-title":"PhD dissertation","author":"Warren M. W.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14540J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"Linear sparing of long bone growth in the pathological fetus","volume":"32","author":"Warren M. W.","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1936264"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21071"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204084"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-07-2505"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physical Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajpa.23814","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.23814","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajpa.23814","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.23814","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T10:30:23Z","timestamp":1694341823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.23814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.23814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.23814","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9483","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-06-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-03-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}