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However, unlike the encapsulating walls of the nasal cavity, ecogeographic variation in nasal turbinate morphology among humans has not yet been established. Here we investigate variation in inferior nasal turbinate morphology in two populations from climatically extreme environments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010three linear measurements of the inferior turbinate, nasal cavity walls, and airway passages were collected from CT scans of indigenous modern human crania from Equatorial Africa (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u200935) and the Arctic Circle (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u200935). MANOVA and ANCOVA were employed to test for predicted regional and sex differences in morphology between the samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant morphological differences were identified between the two regional samples, with no evidence of significant sexual dimorphism or region\u2010sex interaction effect. Individuals from the Arctic Circle possessed superoinferiorly and mediolaterally larger inferior turbinates compared to Equatorial Africans. In conjunction with the surrounding nasal cavity walls, these differences in turbinate morphology produced airway dimensions that were both consistent with functional expectations and more regionally distinct than either skeletal component independently.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study documents the existence of ecogeographic variation in human nasal turbinate morphology reflecting climate\u2010mediated evolutionary demands on intranasal heat and moisture exchange. Humans adapted to cold\u2010dry environments exhibit turbinate morphologies that enhance contact between respired air and nasal mucosa to facilitate respiratory air conditioning. Conversely, humans adapted to hot\u2010humid environments exhibit turbinate morphologies that minimize air\u2010to\u2010mucosa contact, likely to minimize airflow resistance and\/or facilitate expiratory heat\u2010shedding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T04:01:47Z","timestamp":1555473707000},"page":"498-512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Climatic adaptation in human inferior nasal turbinate morphology: Evidence from Arctic and equatorial populations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Tarah N.","family":"Marks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0208-2770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott D.","family":"Maddux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Anatomical Sciences University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren N.","family":"Butaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Des Moines University  Des Moines Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Franciscus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11616"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2009.23.3308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino09.204","article-title":"Radiological examinations of the anatomy of the inferior turbinate using digital volume tomography (DVT)","volume":"49","author":"Balbach L.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200012000-00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"Doc07","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of respiratory mucosa of the nose and the paranasal sinuses","volume":"9","author":"Beule A. 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