{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:00:06Z","timestamp":1772118006517,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs"},{"name":"National Research Foundation South Africa"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dental caries is often perceived as a modern human disease. However, their presence is documented in many early human groups, various nonhuman primates and, increasingly, our hominin ancestors and relatives. In this study, we describe an antemortem lesion on the root of a\n                      <jats:italic>Paranthropus robustus<\/jats:italic>\n                      third molar from Drimolen, South Africa, which likely represents another example of caries in fossil hominins.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The molar, DNH 40, is dated to 2.0\u20131.5 Ma and displays a lesion on the mesial root surface, extending from the cementoenamel junction 3 mm down toward the apex. The position and severity of the lesion was macroscopically recorded and micro\u2010CT scanned to determine the extent of dentine involvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A differential diagnosis indicates root caries, as the lesion is indistinguishable from clinical examples. Although necrotic in appearance, external tertiary dentine is evident on a micro CT scan. Gingival recession and\/or continuous eruption of the tooth as a result of extensive occlusal wear would have occurred to facilitate caries formation. Therefore, the lesion is likely linked to relative old age of this individual.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This new example increases the total number of carious lesions described in\n                      <jats:italic>P. robustus<\/jats:italic>\n                      teeth to 10, on occlusal, interproximal, and now, root surfaces. Beyond the consumption of caries\u2010causing food, caries formation would have also required the presence of requisite intraoral cariogenic bacteria in this individual and the species. Of interest, the presence of tertiary dentine on the outward surface suggests the DNH 40 lesion may have been arrested, that is, no longer active, perhaps relating to a change in diet or oral microbiome just prior to the individual's death.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T12:08:58Z","timestamp":1562069338000},"page":"319-323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Root caries on a\n                    <i>Paranthropus robustus<\/i>\n                    third molar from Drimolen"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"170","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0939-7222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Towle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Riga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florence  Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel D.","family":"Irish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PaleoSciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Dori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florence  Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Menter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florence  Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5055-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo","family":"Moggi\u2010Cecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florence  Florence Italy"},{"name":"Palaeo\u2010Research Institute, University of Johannesburg  Auckland Park South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23111"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000479346"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345870660031801"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Caries in the south African apeman: Some examples of undoubted pathological authenticity believed to be 800,000 years old","volume":"101","author":"Clement A. 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