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Reduced STH exposure is hypothesized to contribute to increased prevalence of elevated intestinal inflammation in wealthy nations, likely due to coevolutionary histories between STHs and human immune systems that favored anti\u2010inflammatory pathways. Here, we document levels of intestinal inflammation and test associations with STH infection among the Shuar of Ecuador, an indigenous population undergoing socioeconomic\/lifestyle changes that influence their hygienic environment. We predict that fecal calprotectin (FC; a measure of intestinal inflammation) will be lower in STH infected individuals and that FC will be negatively associated with infection intensity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stool samples to analyze FC levels and STH infection were collected from 69 Shuar participants (ages 5\u201375\u2009years). Children (&lt;15\u2009years) and adults (15+ years) were analyzed separately to understand the role of exposure in immune system development and the intestinal inflammatory response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two species of STH were present: <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>. The relationships between infection and intestinal inflammation were age\u2010 and species\u2010specific. While no significant relationships were found among adults, children who were singly infected with <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic> had lower FC levels than uninfected children. Infection intensity was not significantly associated with FC in children or adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These preliminary results provide limited support for our hypotheses, documenting tentative age\u2010 and species\u2010specific associations between FC and infection status. Findings may point to the importance of species\u2010specific STH exposure during immune system development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T15:28:27Z","timestamp":1561994907000},"page":"65-74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Soil\u2010transmitted helminth infection and intestinal inflammation among the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"170","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara J.","family":"Cepon\u2010Robins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Colorado  Colorado Springs Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-5208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa 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