{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:48:25Z","timestamp":1791395305964,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]],"date-time":"2019-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGL\u20102015\u201063648\u2010P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL\u20102015\u201063648\u2010P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The shape of the human lumbar spine is considered to be a consequence of erect posture. In addition, several other factors such as sexual dimorphism and variation in genetic backgrounds also influence lumbar vertebral morphology. Here we use 3D geometric morphometrics (GM) to analyze the 3D morphology of the lumbar spine in different human populations, exploring those potential causes of variation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected 390 (semi) landmarks from 3D models of the CT scans of lumbar spines of seven males and nine females from a Mediterranean population (Spain, Israel) and seven males and either females from a South African population for geometric morphometric (GM) analysis. We carried out Generalized Procrustes Analysis, Principal Components, and Regression analyses to evaluate shape variation; and complemented these analyses with the Cobb Method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Mediterranean sample was considerably more lordotic than the South African sample. In both populations, female lumbar spines showed proportionally narrower and more craniocaudally elongated lumbar segments than in males. In addition, the point of maximum curvature in females tended to be located more inferiorly than in males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results show that sexual dimorphism is an important factor of lumbar spine variation that mainly affects features of lumbar spine robustness (height proportions) and the structure\u2014but not the degree\u2014of its curvature. Differences in lordosis, however, are clearer at the inter\u2010population level. This reflects previous conflicting studies casting doubts on pregnancy as an adaptive factor influencing lordosis. Other factors, for example, shape of the individual lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral discs and their relative proportions within the lumbar spine should be considered when exploring variation in vertebral column morphology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]],"date-time":"2019-08-15T15:19:12Z","timestamp":1565882352000},"page":"361-372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["3D geometric morphometric analysis of variation in the human lumbar spine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"170","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2721-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Lois Zlolniski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleoanthropology Group Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2504-3886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Torres\u2010Tamayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleoanthropology Group Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-3866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleoanthropology Group Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Blanco\u2010P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Hospital de La Ribera  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Mata\u2010Escolano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CT and MRI Unit, ERESA, Department of Radiology General University Hospital  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alon","family":"Barash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee Bar Ilan University  Ramat Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahed","family":"Nalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Martelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative Anatomy (CIA), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan A.","family":"Sanchis\u2010Gimeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Giaval Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Valencia  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3141-3401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Bastir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleoanthropology Group Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12451"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23503"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22604"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-1153-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23559"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0030169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01591"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","volume-title":"Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and the sacrum","author":"Bogduk N.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"Patterns of human growth","author":"Bogin B.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Morphometric tools for landmark data: Geometry and biology","author":"Bookstein F. L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-017-0111-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"238","article-title":"Ontogeny of facial dimorphism and patterns of individual development within one human population","volume":"144","author":"Bulygina E.","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2018.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2017.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Outline for the study of scoliosis","volume":"5","author":"Cobb J.","year":"1948","journal-title":"American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Instructional Course Lectures"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116186"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/radiopro:2005010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199507000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0185(20010301)262:3<331::AID-AR1044>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199520120-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39339.610000.BE"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291478"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Semilandmarks: A method for quantifying curves and surfaces","volume":"24","author":"Gunz P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-27614-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000046437"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12586"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.113.4.642"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e3182aab266"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00117.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199803150-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110803808.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2693-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4485-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","first-page":"264","article-title":"3D geometric morphometrics of lumbar vertebral curvatures in H. sapiens","volume":"162","author":"Lois Zlolniski S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Study of the lumbosacral angles of males in Port Harcourt, south\u2010south, Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Maduforo C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nigerian Health Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/87.2.285"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1256-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181bdb2d3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000555"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014467400000351"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-009-9055-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"A brief review of shape, form, and allometry in geometric morphometrics, with applications to human facial morphology","volume":"24","author":"Mitteroecker P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/106351599260526"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198903000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2000.19710103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.141548"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014467600001611"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0701-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00416265"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3536-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31828b666b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","volume-title":"Biometry","author":"Sokal R. R.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2008.2.2.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23577"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","first-page":"281","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in human vertebral body shape","volume":"138","author":"Taylor J. R.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12743"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","first-page":"536","article-title":"The human curve of the spinal column in several races of men","volume":"20","author":"Turner W.","year":"1886","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy and Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860000224"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","first-page":"260","article-title":"Radiographic analysis of the sagittal alignment and balance of the spine in asymptomatic subjects. The Journal of bone and joint surgery","volume":"87","author":"Vialle R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Volume"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198609000-00034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-0913-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06342"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678108992142"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1983.tb09833.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","volume-title":"Geometric Morphometrics for biologists: A primer","author":"Zelditch M. L.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860000140"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physical Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.23918","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajpa.23918","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.23918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T17:54:08Z","timestamp":1694195648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.23918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.23918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.23918","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9483","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-05-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}