{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:13:30Z","timestamp":1784830410802,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603238400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000169","name":"Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1440599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1440599"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000169","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000154","name":"Division of Integrative Organismal Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1557125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1557125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000154","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accessory digits have evolved independently within several mammalian lineages. Most notable among these is the pseudothumb of the giant panda, which has long been considered one of the most extraordinary examples of contingent evolution. To date, no primate has been documented to possess such an adaptation. Here, we investigate the presence of this structure within the aye\u2010aye (<jats:italic>Daubentonia madagascariensis<\/jats:italic>), a species renowned for several other specialized morphological adaptations in the hand, including a morphologically unique third digit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We combine physical dissection techniques with digital imaging processes across a sample of seven individuals (six adults and one immature individual) to describe and visualize the anatomy of the wrist and hand within the aye\u2010aye.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A distinct pseudothumb, which consists of both a bony component (an expanded radial sesamoid) and a dense cartilaginous extension (the \u201cprepollex\u201d) was observed in all specimens. We demonstrate that this pseudodigit receives muscular attachments from three muscles, which collectively have the potential to enable abduction, adduction, and opposition. Finally, we demonstrate that the pseudothumb possesses its own distinct pad within the palm, complete with independent dermatoglyphs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pseudothumbs have been suggested to improve palmar dexterity in taxa with overly \u2010generalized first digits (e.g., pandas) and to widen the hand for digging (e.g., some fossorial moles), but the aye\u2010aye's pseudothumb represents what we believe is a heretofore unrecognized third functional role: its accessory digit compensates for overspecialization of its fingers for non\u2010gripping functions (in this case, the aye\u2010aye's unique \u201ctap foraging\u201d practices).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T14:32:10Z","timestamp":1571668330000},"page":"8-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A primate with a Panda's thumb: The anatomy of the pseudothumb of <i>Daubentonia madagascariensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"171","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5307-5573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Hartstone\u2010Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9062-6677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa L.","family":"Boettcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Herrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR7179 CNRS\/MNHN, Department Adaptations du Vivant  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-015-1286-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-015-9314-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01270.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10773"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"655","volume-title":"Prosimian biology","author":"Cartmill M.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"339","article-title":"The giant panda: A morphological study of evolutionary mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Davis D. 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