{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T02:54:28Z","timestamp":1768704868358,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["FONDECYT 1171708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDECYT 1171708"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article addresses evidence of violence imbedded in both soft and hard tissues from early populations of hunters, fishermen, and gatherers, known as the Chinchorro culture, who lived between 10,000 and 4,000\u2009cal\u2009yr BP, along the coast of the Atacama Desert, one of the driest environments on Earth. Our study is aimed to test two hypotheses (a) that interactions and violent behaviors increased through time as population density and social complexity augmented; and (b) that violence was more prevalent between local Chinchorro groups and groups from other inland locations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two lines of data were analyzed: (1) bioarchaeology, through the quantification of physical traces of interpersonal violence in skeletons and mummies from a sample of 136 adult individuals and, (2) isotopic chemical analysis (strontium) of individuals with traces of trauma in order to determine their local or foreign origin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Violence among Chinchorro populations was ubiquitous and remained invariant over time, with a remarkable skew to male (about 25% above female across the complete sample). Moreover, the chemical signature of individuals with traces of violence was not of foreign origin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The violence exerted by the Chinchorro groups was not related to increased population size, nor social complexity and was mostly restricted to individuals coming from the same coastal habitat. That is, our data suggest that violence was constant across the Archaic period among the Chinchorro, implying that violent behavior was part of the sociocultural repertory of these populations, likely associated to mechanisms to resolve conflicts and social tensions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T12:41:23Z","timestamp":1579524083000},"page":"227-245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Violence in hunters, fishermen, and gatherers of the Chinchorro culture: Archaic societies of the Atacama Desert (10,000\u20134,000 cal yr BP)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"172","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7510-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivien G.","family":"Standen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Antropolog\u00eda Universidad de Tarapac\u00e1 Arica Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Calogero M.","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Alta Investigaci\u00f3n Universidad de Tarapac\u00e1 Arica Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Arriaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Alta Investigaci\u00f3n Universidad de Tarapac\u00e1 Arica Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Drew","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Monsalve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Antropolog\u00eda Universidad de Tarapac\u00e1 Arica Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo A.","family":"Marquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile Santiago Chile"},{"name":"Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda y Biodiversidad (IEB) Santiago Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio Internacional en Cambio Global (LINCGlobal) y Centro de Cambio Global UC Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile Santiago Chile"},{"name":"The Santa Fe Institute Santa Fe New Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"531","article-title":"Reflexiones para avanzar en los estudios del per\u00edodo Arcaico en los Andes Centro\u2010Sur","volume":"43","author":"Aldenderfer M. S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chungara Revista de Antropolog\u00eda Chilena"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Violence and warfare among hunter\u2010gatherers","author":"Allen M. W.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Violence and warfare among hunter\u2010gatherers","author":"Allen M. W.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21574"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1045663500004338"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10814-013-9065-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/432747"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology","author":"Aufderheide A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Ber\u00f3n M.(2018).El Sitio Chenque I. Un Cementerio Prehisp\u00e1nico en la Pampa Occidental. Estilo de Vida e Interacciones Culturalesde Cazadores\u2010Recolectores del Cono Sur Americano. Buenos Aires Sociedad Argentina de Antropolog\u00eda."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","volume-title":"Excavations in northern Chile. Volume XXXVIII, Part IV: 174\u2010318","author":"Bird J.","year":"1943"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0630443100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains","author":"Buikstra J. E.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1168112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20585"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Studying war. Anthropological perspectives","author":"Carneiro R. L.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.239.4843.985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Violenceand Warfare among Hunter\u2010Gatherers","author":"Chatters J. C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1144237"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Health and rise of civilization","author":"Cohen M. N.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119125563.evpsych226"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Estado Actual de las Investigaciones en el Sitio Arqueol\u00f3gico Arroyo Seco 2, Partido de Tres Arroyos, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina","author":"Escola P.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"26","volume-title":"The anthropology of war","author":"Ferguson F.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Excavaciones arqueol\u00f3gicas en los faldeos del Morro de Arica, sitios Morro\u20101\/6 y 2\/2","volume":"22","author":"Focacci G.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chungara Revista de Antropolog\u00eda Chilena"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","volume-title":"H\u00e1bitat, Econom\u00eda y Sociedad","author":"Forde C. D.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195309485.001.0001","volume-title":"Beyond war: The human potential for peace","author":"Fry D. P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2014.09.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470773819"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.18800\/boletindearqueologiapucp.199901.018","article-title":"Violencia en el desierto: un entierro arcaico en el sitio de Villa del Mar\u2010IPSS, Ilo","volume":"3","author":"Guill\u00e9n S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn de Arqueolog\u00eda PUCP"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","volume-title":"Los Indios de Tierra del Fuego (Los Selk'Nam)","author":"Gusinde M.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-72611-3_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15184\/aqy.2015.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199701)7:1<43::AID-OA316>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","volume-title":"War before civilization","author":"Keeley L. H.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.11589"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330710403"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","first-page":"369","article-title":"Isotopic study of marine and terrestrial resources in the prehistory of the Atacama Desert","volume":"50","author":"King C. L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chungara Revista de Antropolog\u00eda Chilena"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2017.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.2512"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16477"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Troubled times: Violence and warfare in the past","author":"Lambert P. M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2013.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","volume-title":"Constant battles. The myth of peaceful, novel savage","author":"LeBlanc S. A.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","volume-title":"Los Cazadores de la Prehistoria","author":"Leroi\u2010Gouran A.","year":"1985"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Gestaci\u00f3n de un nuevo panorama social en el oasis atacame\u00f1o: Conflictos durante la transici\u00f3n para el per\u00edodo de las autonom\u00edas regionales","volume":"39","author":"Lessa A. S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chungara Revista de Antropolog\u00eda Chilena"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","volume-title":"Manual de traumatolog\u00eda","author":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Viego M. A.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","volume-title":"Crimen y Costumbre en la Sociedad Salvaje","author":"Malinowski B.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116724109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Troubled times: Violence and warfare in the past","author":"Martin D. L.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/685281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","volume-title":"Troubled times: Violence and warfare in the past","author":"Martin D. L.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5744\/florida\/9780813041506.003.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","first-page":"383","volume-title":"Handbook of the South American Indians, Vol. V The Comparative Ethnology of South American Indians","author":"Metraux A.","year":"1949"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02446275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/281538"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","volume-title":"Women of the forest","author":"Murphy Y.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","volume-title":"Diversidad, Secuencia y Proceso","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez L.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","volume-title":"How war began","author":"Otterbein K. F.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5744\/florida\/9780813041506.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1999.0504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-999-1004-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","volume-title":"El Contrato Social","author":"Rousseau J.J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","volume-title":"Econom\u00eda de la Edad de Piedra","author":"Sahlins M.","year":"1983"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","first-page":"637","article-title":"Rise and decline of Chinchorro sacred landscapes along the hyperarid coast of the Atacama Desert","volume":"44","author":"Santoro C. M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chungara Revista de Antropolog\u00eda Chilena"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","volume-title":"The hunters","author":"Service, E. R","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/971690"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Bienes funerarios del cementerio Chinchorro Morro 1: Descripci\u00f3n, an\u00e1lisis e interpretaci\u00f3n","volume":"35","author":"Standen V. G.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chungara Revista de Antropolog\u00eda Chilena"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(2000)112:2<239::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199705)103:1<119::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gea.21594"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7183\/1045-6635.25.3.300"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20315"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Violence in times of changes: The Late Intermediate Period in San Pedro de Atacama","volume":"37","author":"Torres\u2010Rouff C.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chungara Revista de Antropolog\u00eda Chilena"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20565"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"La arqueolog\u00eda de Arica y Tacna","author":"Uhle M.","year":"1919","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn de la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Estudios Hist\u00f3ricos Americanos"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1830-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Moche art and archaeology in ancient Peru","author":"Verano J. W.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1jf2cq3.10","volume-title":"Latin American indigenous warfare and ritual violence","author":"Verano J. W.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Troubled times: Violence and warfare in the past","author":"Walker P. L.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.30.1.573"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","first-page":"954","volume-title":"The prehistory of Nubia","author":"Wendorf F.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713611115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","volume-title":"Demonic males: Apes and the origins of human violence","author":"Wrangham R. W.","year":"1996"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physical Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajpa.24009","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.24009","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajpa.24009","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.24009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T11:01:38Z","timestamp":1722337298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.24009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.24009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24009","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9483","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}