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The aim of this study was to analyze how the magnitude of integration in the skull of <jats:italic>Macaca fascicularis<\/jats:italic> changes throughout ontogeny in relation to developmental and\/or functional modules.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Geometric morphometric methods were used to analyze the magnitude of integration in the macaque cranium and mandible in 80 juvenile and 40 adult <jats:italic>M. fascicularis<\/jats:italic> specimens. Integration scores in skull modules were calculated using integration coefficient of variation (ICV) of eigenvalues based on a resampling procedure. Resultant ICV scores between the skull as a whole, and developmental and\/or functional modules were compared using Mann\u2013Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results showed that most skull modules were more tightly integrated than the skull as a whole, with the exception of the chondrocranium in juveniles without canines, the chondrocranium\/face complex and the mandibular corpus in adults, and the mandibular ramus in all juveniles. The chondrocranium\/face and face\/mandibular corpus complexes were more tightly integrated in juveniles than adults, possibly reflecting the influences of early brain growth\/development, and the changing functional demands of infant suckling and later masticatory loading. This is also supported by the much higher integration of the mandibular ramus in adults compared with juveniles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Magnitudes of integration in skull modules reflect developmental\/functional mechanisms in <jats:italic>M. fascicularis<\/jats:italic>. However, the relationship between \u201cevolutionary flexibility\u201d and developmental\/functional mechanisms was not direct or simple, likely because of the complex morphology, multifunctionality, and various ossification origins of the skull.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T07:23:43Z","timestamp":1598599423000},"page":"76-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ontogenetic changes in magnitudes of integration in the macaque skull"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"174","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9711-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunwoo","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology University at Buffalo, SUNY  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3228-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology University at Buffalo, SUNY  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5263-3892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noreen","family":"von Cramon\u2010Taubadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology University at Buffalo, SUNY  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02736629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0245"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47202-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2018.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/36.1.44"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Dietary consistency and craniofacial development related to masticatory function in minipigs","volume":"17","author":"Ciochon R. 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