{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T21:16:38Z","timestamp":1792876598521,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS\u20101824630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS\u20101824630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primate foot has been extensively investigated because of its role in weight\u2010bearing; however, the calcaneus has been relatively understudied. Here we examine entire gorilla calcaneal external shape to understand its relationship with locomotor behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Calcanei of\n                      <jats:italic>Gorilla gorilla gorilla<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u200943),\n                      <jats:italic>Gorilla beringei graueri<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u200920), and\n                      <jats:italic>Gorilla beringei beringei<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u200915) were surface or micro\u2010CT scanned. External shape was analyzed through a three\u2010dimensional geometric morphometric sliding semilandmark analysis. Semilandmarks were slid relative to an updated Procrustes average in order to minimize the bending energy of the thin plate spline interpolation function. Shape variation was summarized using principal components analysis of shape coordinates. Procrustes distances between taxa averages were calculated and resampling statistics run to test pairwise differences. Linear measures were collected and regressed against estimated body mass.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All three taxa exhibit statistically different morphologies (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u2009.001 for pairwise comparisons).\n                      <jats:italic>G. g. gorilla<\/jats:italic>\n                      demonstrates an anteroposteriorly elongated calcaneus with a deeper cuboid pivot region and mediolaterally flatter posterior talar facet.\n                      <jats:italic>G. b. beringei<\/jats:italic>\n                      possesses the flattest cuboid and most medially\u2010angled posterior talar facets.\n                      <jats:italic>G. b. graueri<\/jats:italic>\n                      demonstrates intermediate articular facet morphology, a medially\u2010angled tuberosity, and an elongated peroneal trochlea.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Articular facet differences separate gorillas along a locomotor gradient.\n                      <jats:italic>G. g. gorilla<\/jats:italic>\n                      is adapted for arboreality with greater joint mobility, while\n                      <jats:italic>G. b. beringei<\/jats:italic>\n                      is adapted for more stereotypical loads associated with terrestriality.\n                      <jats:italic>G. b. graueri's<\/jats:italic>\n                      unique posterolateral morphology may be due to a secondary transition to greater arboreality from a more terrestrial ancestor.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T16:17:19Z","timestamp":1598977039000},"page":"49-65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Gorilla calcaneal morphological variation and ecological divergence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"174","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8575-3228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine M.","family":"Harper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2932-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Ruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5234-074X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam D.","family":"Sylvester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Geomagic wrap","author":"3D Systems Inc","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704816105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067792"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mspecies\/sey014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23636"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900270106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014432"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511752414.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:4<120::AID-EVAN2>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"120","article-title":"Sex differences in western gorilla arboreality","volume":"48","author":"Doran\u2010Sheehy D. 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