{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:37:23Z","timestamp":1790725043871,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600646400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection 10\u2010IAHU\u201003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection 10\u2010IAHU\u201003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depicting past epidemics currently relies on DNA\u2010based detection of pathogens, an approach limited to pathogens with well\u2010preserved DNA sequences. We used paleoserology as a complementary approach detecting specific antibodies under a mini line\u2010blot format including positive and negative control antigens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mini line blot assay incorporated skim milk as negative control,\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      as positive control, and antigens prepared from lice\u2010borne pathogens\n                      <jats:italic>Rickettsia prowazekii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Borrelia recurrentis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella quintana<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Paleoserums were extracted from rehydrated dental pulp recovered from buried individuals. Mini line blots observed with the naked eye, were quantified using a scanner and appropriate software. Paleoserology was applied to the indirect detection of lice\u2010borne pathogens in seven skeletons exhumed from a 16th\u201317th century suspected military burial site (Auxi\u2010le\u2010Ch\u00e2teau); and 14 civils exhumed from a 5th\u201313th century burial site (Saint\u2010Mont). Direct detection of pathogens was performed using quantitative real\u2010time PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In Auxi\u2010le\u2010Ch\u00e2teau, paleoserology yielded 7\/7 interpretable paleoserums including 7\/7 positives for\n                      <jats:italic>B. recurrentis<\/jats:italic>\n                      including one also positive for\n                      <jats:italic>B. quintana<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In Saint\u2010Mont, paleoserology yielded 8\/14 interpretable paleoserums and none reacted against any of the four pathogens. Antibodies against\n                      <jats:italic>R. prowazekii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                      were not detected. The seroprevalence was significantly higher in the military burial site of Auxi\u2010le\u2010Ch\u00e2teau than in the civil burial site of Saint\u2010Mont. Real\u2010time PCR detection of\n                      <jats:italic>B. quintana<\/jats:italic>\n                      yielded 5\/21 positive (3 at Saint\u2010Mont and 2 at Auxi\u2010le\u2010Ch\u00e2teau) whereas\n                      <jats:italic>B. recurrentis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was not detected.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Paleoserology unmasked an outbreak of relapsing\n                      <jats:italic>B. recurrentis<\/jats:italic>\n                      fever in one 16th \u2013 17th century military garrison, missed by real\u2010time PCR. Paleoserology offers a new tool for investigating past epidemics, in complement to DNA sequence\u2010based approaches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T04:19:29Z","timestamp":1600748369000},"page":"784-789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["An outbreak of relapsing fever unmasked by microbial paleoserology, 16th century, France"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Hamadou","family":"Oumarou Hama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection  Marseille France"},{"name":"Aix\u2010Marseille\u2010Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection  Marseille France"},{"name":"Aix\u2010Marseille\u2010Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection  Marseille France"},{"name":"Aix\u2010Marseille\u2010Univ., CNRS, EFS, ADES  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Guirou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection  Marseille France"},{"name":"Aix\u2010Marseille\u2010Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Chenal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, UMR 6298 ArTeHiS  Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau d'\u00e9tudes \u00c9veha, Limoges\/Ivry\u2010sur\u2010Seine  France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Ardagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix\u2010Marseille\u2010Univ., CNRS, EFS, ADES  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Signoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix\u2010Marseille\u2010Univ., CNRS, EFS, ADES  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rard","family":"Aboudharam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix\u2010Marseille\u2010Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection  Marseille France"},{"name":"UFR Odontologie, Aix\u2010Marseille\u2010Univ.  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