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We used generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to assess trauma prevalence in relation to age\u2010at\u2010death, sex, anatomical distribution, and between pre\u2010 and post\u2010Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) samples, while accounting for skeletal preservation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Models predicted a mean cranial trauma prevalence of 0.07 (95% CI 0.003\u20130.19) at the level of skeletal elements, and of 0.26 (95% CI 0.08\u20130.48) at the level of specimens, each when 76\u2013100% complete. Trauma prevalence increased with skeletal preservation. Across specimen and skeletal element datasets, trauma prevalence tended to be higher for males, and was consistently higher in the old age group. We found no time\u2010specific trauma prevalence patterns for the two sexes or age cohorts when comparing samples from before and after the LGM. Samples showed higher trauma prevalence in the vault than in the face, with vault remains being affected predominantly in males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cranial trauma prevalence in UP humans falls within the variation described for Mesolithic and Neolithic samples. According to our current dataset, UP males and females were exposed to slightly different injury risks and trauma distributions, potentially due to different activities or behaviors, yet both sexes exhibit more trauma among the old. Environmental stressors associated with climatic changes of the LGM are not reflected in cranial trauma prevalence. 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