{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T14:21:48Z","timestamp":1747146108837,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetal environmental conditions are crucial for life\u2010long health. Direct measurements of developmental conditions are limited in humans; thus, several biomarkers of those conditions have been proposed: that is, finger ridge\u2010counts, level of facial fluctuating asymmetry (FA), and digit ratio (2D:4D). Since all of these biomarkers share a similar gestational time of formation, we hypothesize that their values are significantly correlated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were collected at the Mogielica Human Ecology Study Site in southern Poland among 234 women. Finger ridge\u2010counts, level of facial FA, and 2D:4D have been measured. The two\u2010step analyses included Pearson's correlations of simple values of the biomarkers and correlations of composite variables calculated based on principal component analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We did not find any statistically significant correlations between finger ridge\u2010counts, FA, and 2D:4D in women. Similarly, we did not observe any correlations between three composites created from the biomarkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results indicate that there are no relationships between the biomarkers, suggested as proxies of the quality of prenatal conditions, in a single population. This is the first study analyzing three different markers simultaneously. The lack of correlations may indicate that the tested biomarkers reflect, in fact, different environmental conditions, occurring in separate \u201ccritical windows\u201d of development, or that the biomarkers are not valid as proxies of developmental conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T07:41:25Z","timestamp":1603525285000},"page":"224-231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Biomarkers of fetal conditions: Finger ridge\u2010counts, facial fluctuating asymmetry, and digit ratio (<scp>2D<\/scp>:<scp>4D<\/scp>)\u2014are they correlated in women?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"174","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2396-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Klimek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7879-9735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Galbarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7281-0286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"Nenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8716-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazyna","family":"Jasienska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"935","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of research design","author":"Abdi H.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2020.104691"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2017.00257"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Embryologic development of epidermal ridges and their configurations","volume":"27","author":"Babler W.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Birth Defects Original Article Series"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2004.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-015-0063-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-42"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10211-018-0284-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.08.023"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4301","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.18.4301","article-title":"Negative effect of Hox gene expression on the development of the neural crest\u2010derived facial skeleton","volume":"129","author":"Creuzet S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20488"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogrm.2015.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0b013e31828ed1da"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.0544"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(03)00084-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39731"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-009-9485-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(03)00017-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2005.00020.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.108.3.233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"Package \u2018Hmisc\u2019","author":"Harrell F. 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