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Here, a CNN\u2010based workflow is proposed to discriminate hominid teeth. Our hope is that this method could help confirm otherwise questionable records of <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic> from Pleistocene deposits where there is a standing risk of mis\u2010attributing molars of <jats:italic>Pongo<\/jats:italic> to <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and materials<\/jats:title><jats:p>A two\u2010step workflow was designed. The first step is converting the enamel\u2013dentine junction (EDJ) into EDJ card, that is, a two\u2010dimensional image conversion of the three\u2010dimensional EDJ surface. In this step, researchers must carefully orient the teeth according to the cervical plane. The second step is training the CNN learner with labeled EDJ cards. A sample consisting of 53 fossil <jats:italic>Pongo<\/jats:italic> and 53 <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic> (modern human and Neanderthal) was adopted to generate EDJ cards, which were then separated into training set (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200984) and validation set (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200922). To assess the feasibility of this workflow, a <jats:italic>Pongo<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic> classifier was trained from the aforementioned EDJ card set, and then the classifier was used to predict the taxonomic affinities of six samples (test set) from von Koenigswald's Chinese Apothecary collection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results show that EDJ cards in validation set are classified accurately by the CNN learner. More importantly, taxonomic predictions for six specimens in test set match well with the diagnosis results deduced from multiple lines of evidence, implying the great potential of CNN method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This workflow paves a way for future studies using CNN to address taxonomic complexity (e.g., distinguishing <jats:italic>Pongo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic> teeth from the Pleistocene of Asia). Further improvements include visual interpretation and extending the applicability to moderately worn teeth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T21:39:05Z","timestamp":1618609145000},"page":"931-942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A deep\u2010learning\u2010based workflow to assess taxonomic affinity of hominid teeth with a test on discriminating <i>Pongo<\/i> and <i>Homo<\/i> upper molars"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"175","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5299-3380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhixing","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cultural Heritage Shandong University  Qingdao China"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5617-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Zanolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire PACEA, UMR 5199 CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux  Pessac France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cultural Heritage Shandong University  Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cultural Heritage Shandong University  Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"1808.01462v2","article-title":"A survey on deep learning advances on different 3D data representations","volume":"1","author":"Ahmed E.","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai9067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2014.06.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914202107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22421"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Bergstrom K. 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