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Despite recent initiatives introduced to address these concerns, rates continue to be public health concerns. This study investigates the relationship between immune activation and lack of response to iron supplementation after 1\u2009month of treatment and explores variation in body fat stores as a potential moderator between immune function and response to treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data come from children, aged 2\u20135\u2009years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200950) from a peri\u2010urban community in Lima, Peru. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to explore the associations between response to treatment (Hb\u2009&gt;\u2009=11.0\u00a0g\/dl) after 1\u00a0month of treatment), markers of immune activation (C\u2010reactive protein [CRP] and reported morbidity symptoms), and measures of body fat (waist\u2010to\u2010height ratio, triceps skinfold thickness, and body mass index [BMI]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that high CRP is associated with a lack of response to iron supplementation after 1\u2009month of treatment and that BMI z\u2010score may moderate this association. Generally, larger body size is associated with response to iron supplementation whether or not the children in this sample have high immune activation. However, the probability of anemic children responding to iron supplementation treatment differed across adiposity measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our finding suggesting that adiposity and CRP influence response to iron supplementation, furthers our understanding of the relationship between inflammation and anemia treatment in children and has both theoretical and public health implications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T05:03:39Z","timestamp":1618463019000},"page":"54-65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Adiposity and pathogen exposure: An investigation of response to iron supplementation and hypothesized predictors in anemic pre\u2010school\u2010aged children living in a dual burden environment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"176","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8860-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achsah F.","family":"Dorsey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Penny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Nutricional La Molina Lima Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480500195066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62304-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"313","article-title":"C\u2010reactive protein and the acute phase response","volume":"37","author":"Ballou S. 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