{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T12:22:44Z","timestamp":1782476564616,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long bone variations during growth are susceptible to the combined action of nutritional, hormonal, and genetic factors that may modulate the mechanical forces acting upon growing individuals as they progressively acquire a mature gait. In this work, we explore diaphyseal length and breadth variations of tibia and fibula during ontogeny (a) to test the presence of changes in relation to early toddling, and (b) to further our understanding of developmental patterns in relation to sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lengths, breadths, and indices were analyzed on right and left leg bones of 68 subadult individuals (Human Identified Skeletal Collection of the University of Bologna, Italy). Analyses included intersex and age classes (1, 0\u20131\u2009year; 2, 1.1\u20133\u2009years; 3, 3.1\u20136\u2009years) comparisons, linear regressions with age and assessment of correlation among tibial and fibular measurements, as well as principal component analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant difference emerged among age class 1 and the others. Age class 1 and 3 differ between them, while age class 2 overlaps with the others. No sex dimorphism was detected. All measurements were strongly correlated with age. Tibial and fibular measurements correlated with each other.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results relate the progressive emergence of toddling attempts in growing individuals at the end of the first year of age. No significant sex differences were found, suggesting that tibial and fibula growth might diverge between sexes in later childhood. We provide quantitative data regarding tibial and fibular linear growth and its timing in a modern documented osteological sample from Italy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T12:26:48Z","timestamp":1637065608000},"page":"669-689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The relationship between bipedalism and growth: A metric assessment in a documented modern skeletal collection (Certosa Collection, Bologna, Italy)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2558-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Pietrobelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum\u2010University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6331-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damiano","family":"Marchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Pisa  Pisa Italy"},{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa  Calci Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Giovanna","family":"Belcastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum\u2010University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Introduction to infant development","author":"Adolph K. E.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Reference module in neuroscience and biobehavioral psychology","author":"Adolph K. E.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06213.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.7402011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2242011369"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23196"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198401000-00038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2020.102746"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.2605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199612)6:5<425::AID-OA287>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Motor skills acquisition in the first year: An illustrated guide to normal development","author":"Bly L.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460310001636570"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1971.tb03246.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"Buikstra J. E. &Ubelaker D.(1994).Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Research series no. 44. Fayetteville Arkansas: Arkansas archeological survey research series no 44."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014469000000952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118255377.ch13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-013-0925-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23248"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478639"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21289"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1964.10490181"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eveleth P. &Tanner J.(1991).Worldwide Variation in Human Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511629105","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511629105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211692"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580490436069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199206000-00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20778"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20931"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22688"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21612"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302400513"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.1310050604"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014468800009521"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","volume-title":"Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the foot and ankle","author":"Hoerr N. L.","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","article-title":"Age\u2010related changes in cortical bone geometry in the human tibial diaphysis: A whole\u2010bone perspective","volume":"26","author":"Hubbell Z.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199801)105:1<57::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01214"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466080-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000103002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","volume-title":"The human skeleton in forensic medicine","author":"Krogman W. M.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01657"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1952.10483441"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197153030-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00514"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.07.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2005263"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00833"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.02.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Relations between bone, muscle, and fat widths in the upper arms and calves of boys and girls studied cross\u2010sectionally at ages 6 to 16\u2009years","volume":"39","author":"Malina R.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Human Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Variation in tibia and fibula diaphyseal strength and its relationship with arboreal and terrestrial locomotion: Extending the investigation to non\u2010hominoid primates","volume":"93","author":"Marchi D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470670170.ch13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1940.02000010064005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","first-page":"725","article-title":"Linear growth of long bones of extremities from infancy through adolescence; continuing studies","volume":"89","author":"Maresh M. M.","year":"1955","journal-title":"American Journal of Diseases of Children"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Human growth and development","author":"Maresh M. M.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","volume-title":"Lehrbuch der Anthropologie","author":"Martin R.","year":"1957"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","volume-title":"Lehrbuch der Anthropologie in Systematischer Darstellung mit Besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung der anthropologischen Methoden f\u00fcr Studierende, \u00c4rtze und Forschungsreisende, vol. 2: Kraniologie, Osteologie","author":"Martin R.","year":"1928"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Handbook of biological statistics","author":"McDonald J. H.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","volume-title":"The neuromuscular maturation of the human infant","author":"McGraw M. B.","year":"1945"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(40)80021-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-009-9261-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00360940"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00349490"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00315559"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460600707503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/0003-5548\/2012\/0168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22860"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2020).R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.68.1.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-014-9881-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-010-9358-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.3.0465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-012-0713-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330930103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330370605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2003.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(03)00161-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.164041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","volume-title":"Juvenile osteology","author":"Schaefer M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","volume-title":"Developmental juvenile osteology","author":"Scheuer L.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000023122"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2007.00803.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2333709"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078400400605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Mobility: Interpreting behavior from skeletal adaptations and environmental interactions","author":"Sparacello V. S.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197207000-00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197109000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198105000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Gait: Development and analysis","volume":"3","author":"Stout J. L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physical Therapy for Children"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22522"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23185"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(96)00166-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","unstructured":"Sumner D. R.(1984).Size shape and bone mineral content of the human femur in growth and aging. Anthropology: University of Arizona."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198404000-00047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","unstructured":"Tanganelli V.(n.d.).Unpublished data available upon request."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330950206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.18.5.760"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(84)80007-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-015-3480-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12900"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-897-8:099"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.014431"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199609000-00034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.09.02"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.24440","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajpa.24440","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.24440","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T11:26:57Z","timestamp":1692444417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.24440"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.24440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24440","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-7691","2692-7691"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-7691","type":"print"},{"value":"2692-7691","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}