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Limb bone and vertebral column lengths scaled to body mass are compared between subgroups by age group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>All G. beringei<\/jats:italic> have relatively short 3rd metapodials and manual proximal phalanges compared to G. gorilla,<\/jats:italic> and this difference is apparent in infancy. All G. beringei<\/jats:italic> also have shortened total limb lengths relative to either body mass or vertebral column length, although patterns of variation in individual skeletal elements are more complex, and infants do not display the same patterns as adults. Mountain gorillas have relatively long clavicles, present in infancy, and a relatively long thoracic (but not lumbosacral) vertebral column.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion<\/jats:title>A variety of environmental factors likely contributed to observed patterns of morphological variation among extant gorillas. We interpret the short hand and foot bones of all G. beringei<\/jats:italic> as genetic adaptations to greater terrestriality in the last common ancestor of G. beringei<\/jats:italic>; variation in other limb lengths to climatic adaptation, both genetic and developmental; and the larger thorax of G. b. beringei<\/jats:italic> to adaptation to reduced oxygen pressure at high altitudes, again as a product of both genetic differences and environmental influences during development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T12:51:07Z","timestamp":1638017467000},"page":"501-529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Body proportions and environmental adaptation in gorillas"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2932-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Ruff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0481-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juho\u2010Antti","family":"Junno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archeology University of Oulu Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8336-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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