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Combining cranial indicators of MBD and the museum's historical data, we examined factors contributing to likely instances of MBD. We used binomial\u2010family generalized linear models to assess differences in MBD frequency by environment (captive, non\u2010captive), specimen accession year, and skin color (light, medium, dark).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Indicators of MBD were most frequently observed in captive baboons, with a decrease in MBD frequency over time. Fifteen non\u2010captive individuals showed indicators of MBD, which are the first published cases of MBD in non\u2010captive nonhuman primates (NHPs) to our knowledge. The most common MBD indicators were bone porosity (n\u00a0=\u00a035) and bone thickening\/enlargement (n\u00a0=\u00a035). Fibrous osteodystrophy was observed frequently in our sample, likely relating to nutritional deficiencies. We found no association between exposed facial skin color variation and MBD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings are consistent with historical accounts of MBD prevalence in captive facilities, especially earlier in the 20th century. A decrease in MBD prevalence later in the 20th century likely reflects improvements in housing, diet, and veterinary care in captive settings. Causes of MBD development in non\u2010captive baboons should be further explored, as understanding the potential health impacts that anthropogenic environments impose on NHPs is imperative as humans increasingly alter the natural world in the 21st century.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T10:00:36Z","timestamp":1638439236000},"page":"489-500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigating factors of metabolic bone disease in baboons (<i>Papio<\/i> spp.) using museum collections"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3689-5892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srishti","family":"Sadhir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution  Washington District of Columbia USA"},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8940-7568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea R.","family":"Eller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution  Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1551-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Canington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution  Washington District of Columbia USA"},{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4168-0578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina B.","family":"Sholts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution  Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-116-6-2523"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/06-004.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2011001000007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Evolution and disease","author":"Bland\u2010Sutton J.","year":"1895"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2016.03.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Metabolic bone disease in lion cubs at the London zoo in 1889: The original animal model of rickets","volume":"17","author":"Chesney R. 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