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In this study, we present a three\u2010dimensional geometric morphometric (3D\u2010GM) investigation of the distal fibula in extant hominids and\n                      <jats:italic>Australopithecus afarensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      with the aim of pointing out morphological correlations to arboreal behavior.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three\u2010dimensional surface meshes of the distal fibula were obtained using computer tomography for 40 extant hominid specimens and laser scanner for five\n                      <jats:italic>A. afarensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      specimens. Distal fibula morphology was quantified positioning 11 fixed landmarks, 40 curve semilandmarks, and 20 surface landmarks on each specimen. A generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA) was carried out on all landmark coordinates followed by Procrustes ANOVA. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the GPA\u2010aligned shape coordinates. Kruskal\u2010Wallis tests and Mann\u2013Whitney test were performed on scores along PCs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Great apes are characterized by a shorter subcutaneous triangular surface (STS), more downward facing fibulotalar articular facets, more anteriorly facing lateral malleolus and wider\/deeper malleolar fossa than humans. Within great apes, orangutans are characterized by more medially facing fibulotalar articular facets.\n                      <jats:italic>Australopithecus afarensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      shows a unique distal fibular morphology with several traits that are generally associated more to arboreality and less to bipedalism such as a short STS, a more anteriorly facing, laterally pointing malleolus and deeper and larger malleolar fossa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The distal fibula morphology is indicative of locomotor patterns within extant hominids. The 3D\u2010GM method presented here can be successfully used to further our understanding of arboreal adaptations in fossil hominins.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T03:57:27Z","timestamp":1647489447000},"page":"286-300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Morphological correlates of distal fibular morphology with locomotion in great apes, humans, and\n                    <i>Australopithecus afarensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"178","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6331-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damiano","family":"Marchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Pisa  Pisa"},{"name":"Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey University of the Witwatersrand  Wits"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Rimoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Pisa  Pisa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey University of the Witwatersrand  Wits"},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre la Evoluci\u00f3n Humana (CENIEH)  Burgos Spain"},{"name":"Paleoanthropology Group Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN\u2010CSIC)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3141-3401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Bastir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey University of the Witwatersrand  Wits"},{"name":"Paleoanthropology Group Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN\u2010CSIC)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"An introduction to human evolutionary anatomy","author":"Aiello L.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3888"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(91)90130-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2005.00440.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01560.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"The rotatory mobility of the fibula in eutherian mammals","volume":"87","author":"Barnett C. 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