{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:58:52Z","timestamp":1792540732773,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006087","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Postdoctoral Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Postdoctoral Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate three of the main verbal models that have been proposed to explain the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in humans: the \u201cgood genes,\u201d the \u201cgood development,\u201d and the \u201cgrowth\u201d hypotheses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A formal model was generated for each verbal model following three steps. First, based on the literature, a theoretical causal model and the theoretical object of inquiry were outlined. Second, an empirical causal model and the targets of inference were defined using observational data of facial asymmetries and life\u2010history traits related to fitness. Third, generalized linear models and causal inference were used as the estimation strategy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results suggest that the theoretical and empirical assumptions of the \u201cgood genes\u201d hypothesis should be reformulated. The results were compatible with most of the empirical assumptions of \u201cthe good development\u201d hypothesis but suggest that further discussion of its theoretical assumptions is needed. The results were less informative about the \u201cgrowth\u201d hypothesis, both theoretically and empirically. There was a positive association between facial fluctuating asymmetry and the number of offspring that was not compatible with any of the empirical causal models evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the three hypotheses focus on different aspects of the link between asymmetry and fitness, their overlap opens the possibility of a unified theory on the subject. The results of this study make explicit which assumptions need to be updated and discussed, facilitating the advancement of this area of research. Overall, this study elucidates the potential benefit of using formal models for theory revision and development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T05:43:15Z","timestamp":1658468595000},"page":"73-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Formal models for the study of the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"179","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9751-9906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arodi","family":"Farrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematical Modeling of Social Systems Department Institute for Research on Applied Mathematics and Systems, National Autonomous University of Mexico Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Artec 3D. (2021).3D face scan. Professional 3D scanning solutions.https:\/\/www.artec3d.com\/3d-models\/face."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2015.1056766"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21768"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.14009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710420105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1995.09010018.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347[01]02266-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"Farrera A.(2014).Heritability of the facial traits in a sample of Mexican population. A quantitative genetics study(Master's thesis). Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (in Spanish).https:\/\/ru.dgb.unam.mx\/handle\/DGB_UNAM\/TES01000715270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22657"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39731"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy","author":"Frigg R.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2010.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13071204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13010009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02424509"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym8120154"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym2020466"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i02"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1751-5_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10182"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2007.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","volume-title":"Causal inference: What if","author":"Hern\u00e1n M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2018.1464947"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-018-0277-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20788"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11020279"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(01)00083-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11050650"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02448"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/anre-2019-0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2017.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym702084"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2019.00056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02018.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225549"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2017.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2003.00503.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22684"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152640"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0480"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.2886"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24276"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00031224211004187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2008.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4404\/hystrix-24.1-6369"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-016-9277-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1991.0010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095[95]00002-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/286110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2219"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42113-018-0019-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24293"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2010.486770"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/303223"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.441"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195143454.003.0017","volume-title":"Developmental instability: Causes and consequences","author":"Palmer R.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Fluctuating asymmetry as a measure of developmental stability: Implications of non\u2010normal distributions and power of statistical tests","volume":"191","author":"Palmer R.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Zool Fennica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","volume-title":"The book of why. The new science of cause and effect","author":"Pearl J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(99)00014-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22688"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620974697"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245917745629"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eeh.2020.101356"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315173726-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-9335\/a000425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23399"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/abt.2015.77.7.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw341"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02692201"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00629.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12020236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2011.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/524763"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2019.1583913"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoy014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460500480391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws412"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2021.103311"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.24588","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajpa.24588","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.24588","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T21:18:51Z","timestamp":1700860731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.24588"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.24588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24588","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-7691","2692-7691"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-7691","type":"print"},{"value":"2692-7691","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-01-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}