{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T21:39:17Z","timestamp":1767994757705,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Developmental stress causing enamel thinning is an important topic in primate biology. Because taxa differ in growth rates and enamel thickness, the goal is to provide a new method allowing direct comparison of prevalence and salience of enamel defects among samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Casts of ape teeth spanning the Late Pleistocene to Late Miocene from three site areas of increasing seasonality, equator (Sumatra) to 20\u00b0 (Vietnam) and 25\u00b0N latitude (China), were examined for enamel defects among paleo\u2010orangutans (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0571, 222, respectively) and <jats:italic>Lufengpithecus lufengensis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0198). Frequency of affected teeth and number of linear enamel hypoplasia were recorded. Defect dimensions were measured with a confocal microscope. Simple prevalence is compared to weighted prevalence (%), calculated by dividing \u201cnumber of LEH from specific tooth groups\u201d by \u201cspecific tooth sample size\u201d; this quantity divided by \u201ctooth\u2010specific years of imbricational enamel formation.\u201d Defect dimensions are reduced to a dimensionless index termed \u201cenamel deficit ratio\u201d through dividing \u201cdaily enamel deficit\u201d by \u201cdaily secretion rate.\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Weighted prevalence increases to the North, highlighting latitudinal similarities. In contrast, \u201cenamel deficit ratio,\u201d designed to express comparative severity of developmental stress among samples, was least in the high latitude sample and differed little between paleo\u2010orangutan samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The actual numbers generated are not as important as efficacy of the proposed methods for other taxa. Developmental stress appears least severe in the high latitude (<jats:italic>Lufengpithecus<\/jats:italic>) sample but affects a greater proportion, compared to paleo\u2010orangutans. Regardless of findings, the proposed solutions to improve comparability of disparate samples, yield reasonable results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T10:05:05Z","timestamp":1675505105000},"page":"761-767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Meaningful measures of enamel hypoplasia: Prevalence and comparative intensity of developmental stress"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"180","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9411-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark Fretson","family":"Skinner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University  Burnaby British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pab.2019.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198739685.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/19"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10148"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20434"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21619"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000021740"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"Hillson S.(2017).Enamel hypoplasia=stress? Stressed out: Debunking the stress myth in the study of archaeological human remains.https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/archaeology\/news-events\/conferences-ucl-institute-archaeology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199709)104:1<89::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20917"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199601)99:1<135::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00938.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80148-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.102691"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2020.105078"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-006-9051-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02436704"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22485"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2019\/5872"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-021-00206-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"Skinner M. 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