{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T12:07:49Z","timestamp":1748002069753,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two decades ago, Rilling and Seligman, hereafter abbreviated to RAS Study, suggested modern humans had relatively larger temporal lobes for brain size compared to other anthropoids. Despite many subsequent studies drawing conclusions about the evolutionary implications for the emergence of unique cerebral specializations in <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>, no re\u2010assessment has occurred using updated methodologies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reassessed the association between right temporal lobe volume (TLV) and right hemisphere volume (HV) in the anthropoid brain. In a sample compiled de novo by us, T1\u2010weighted in vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of 11 extant anthropoid species were calculated by\u2010voxel from the MRI and the raw data from RAS Study directly compared to our sample. Phylogenetic Generalized Least\u2010Squares (PGLS) regression and trait\u2010mapping using Blomberg's <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic> (kappa) tested the correlation between HV and TLV accounting for anthropoid phylogeny, while bootstrapped PGLS regressions tested difference in slopes and intercepts between monkey and ape subsamples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PGLS regressions indicated statistically significant correlations (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009&lt;\u20090.99; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.0001) between TLV and HV with moderate influence from phylogeny (<jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.42). Bootstrapped PGLS regression did not show statistically significant differences in slopes between monkeys and apes but did for intercepts. In our sample, human TLV was not larger than expected for anthropoids.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Updated imaging, increased sample size and advanced statistical analyses did not find statistically significant results that modern humans possessed a disproportionately large temporal lobe volume compared to the general anthropoid trend. This has important implications for human and non\u2010human primate brain evolution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T09:28:55Z","timestamp":1676453335000},"page":"768-776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Updated imaging and phylogenetic comparative methods reassess relative temporal lobe size in anthropoids and modern humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"180","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3848-1765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alannah","family":"Pearson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Archaeology and Anthropology The Australian National University  Canberra Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6686-4616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Bruner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleoneurobiology of Hominins Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre la Evoluci\u00f3n Humana  Burgos Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. 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