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First, is variation in functional eccrine gland density (\u201cFED\u201d) explained by childhood climate, suggesting phenotypic plasticity? Second, is variation in FED explained by genetic similarity (a proxy for \u201cgeographic ancestry\u201d), implying divergent evolutionary pathways in this trait of ancestral populations? Third, what is the relationship between FED and sweat production?<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test questions one and two, we measured FED in 68 volunteers aged 18\u201339 with varied childhood climate regimes and geographic ancestries. To test question three, we compared sweat production to FED in our <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a068 sample. In addition, we examined the relationship between FED and whole\u2010body sweat loss during cycling in warm conditions using a sample of eight heat\u2010acclimated endurance athletes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interindividual variation in six\u2010site FED was more than twofold, ranging from 60.9 to 132.7\u00a0glands\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Variation in FED was best explained by body surface area and limb circumferences (negative associations) and poorly explained by childhood climatic conditions and genetic similarity. Pilocarpine\u2010induced sweat production was unrelated to FED while whole\u2010body sweat loss during cycling was significantly, though modestly, associated with FED.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We hypothesize that gland\u2010level phenotypic plasticity, rather than changes in eccrine gland density, was sufficient to permit thermal adaptation to novel environments as humans colonized the globe. Future research should measure effects of FED in dehydrated states and the relationship between FED and salt loss, and control for effects of microclimate to rule out phenotypic plasticity effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T09:42:49Z","timestamp":1678441369000},"page":"379-391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Variation in human functional eccrine gland density and its implications for the evolution of human sweating"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"181","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1561-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Best","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts  North Adams Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Massachusetts  Amherst Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Lieberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Evolutionary Biology Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander R.","family":"Gerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Massachusetts  Amherst Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8843-529X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitte M.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Massachusetts  Amherst Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Kamilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Massachusetts  Amherst Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology University of Massachusetts  Amherst Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021722118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3275-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-006-0098-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2019.1632145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"Distribution of heat\u2010activated sweat glands in obese and lean men and women","volume":"40","author":"Bar\u2010Or O.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Human Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31824a55d7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700597114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00015.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90503.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.65.2.811"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","volume-title":"Genetic ancestry groups and genetic similarity","author":"Cooplab","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.16.3.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00418459"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"P15","article-title":"A comparison of heat acclimatization in Indians and Europeans","volume":"177","author":"Edholm O. 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