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Mid\u2010distal humeral diaphyseal robusticity was quantified using cross\u2010sectional geometric properties standardized by estimated body mass and bone length.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Humeral strength and bilateral asymmetry were greatest in Aleutian Island males, moderate in Far North Coastal and Tikeraq males, and reduced in Inland\/Riverine males. Left\u2010biased directional asymmetry and reduced humeral strength were found in Coastal Bay males. Aleutian Island males had relatively mediolaterally strengthened humeri compared with other groups. Aleutian Island females had elevated humeral strength, while humeral asymmetry among females was moderate and did not vary between groups. Humeri were relatively round among Aleutian Island and Tikeraq females and anteroposteriorly (A\u2010P) strengthened among Coastal Bay, Far North Coastal, and Inland\/Riverine females.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest elevated humeral strength and asymmetry in males that engaged in rowing and unimanual projectile hunting, while reduced humeral strength and asymmetry may reflect bow\u2010and\u2010arrow or ensnarement technologies. Left\u2010biased humeral asymmetry may be associated with net\u2010fishing. Humeral strength and asymmetry are consistent with select instances of unimanual projectile hunting in females, while differences in humeral A\u2010P\/mediolateral strength may reflect variation in butchery and processing of prey versus rowing and throwing behaviors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T14:14:06Z","timestamp":1680012846000},"page":"392-412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Adapting in the Arctic <scp>II<\/scp>: Upper limb diaphyseal robusticity and habitual activity in Late Holocene hunter\u2010gatherers from Alaska"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"181","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4582-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Temple","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Anthropology George Mason University  Fairfax Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Anthropology George Mason University  Fairfax Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution  Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2932-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Ruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7202\/1015958ar"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq1131"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.12.2274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"1776","volume-title":"The voyage of the resolution and discovery","author":"Beaglehole J. 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