{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:06:44Z","timestamp":1791227204374,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000936","name":"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The morphological features of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in mammals reflect a species' food niche breadth and dietary adaptations. For many wild mammals, the relationship between the structure of the GIT and diet is still poorly understood, for example, the GIT for frugivorous primates is usually classified as unspecialized and homogeneous. Here, we compare the GIT structure of 13 primate species from the three families of extant platyrrhines (Atelidae, Pitheciidae, and Cebidae) in Amazonia, and discuss possible evolutionary adaptations to different diets and trophic niches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We measured the length of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, cecum, colon, and rectum of the digestive tracts of 289 primate specimens. We determined the allometric relationships of the different tubular organs with the total length of the GIT as a proxy of specimen body size. Allometric parameters were used to establish the quotients of differentiation of every organ for each primate specimen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a high differentiation in structure of the digestive organs among genera. <jats:italic>Alouatta<\/jats:italic> specimens clearly separated from the other genera based on dissimilarities in gastric, colonic, and rectal quotients, likely linked to the fermentation of plant contents. In contrast, all cebines (<jats:italic>Sapajus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Cebus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Saimiri<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Cacajao<\/jats:italic> species had similar small intestine quotients, which is expected due to their high rates of animal matter consumed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We show that diverse adaptations in digestive structure exist among frugivorous primates, which in turn reflect different dietary patterns within this group that may enable the geographic coexistence of different primate species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T10:35:05Z","timestamp":1682332505000},"page":"440-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative gastrointestinal organ lengths among Amazonian primates (Primates: Platyrrhini)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"181","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5551-6707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anam\u00e9lia de Souza","family":"Jesus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Animal na Amaz\u00f4nia Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz\u00f4nia  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"},{"name":"Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia de Vertebrados Terrestres Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel Mamirau\u00e1  Tef\u00e9 Brazil"},{"name":"Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia e Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de Primatas Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel Mamirau\u00e1  Tef\u00e9 Brazil"},{"name":"Rede de Pesquisa para Estudos sobre Diversidade Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Uso da Fauna na Amaz\u00f4nia (RedeFauna)  Manaus Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani R.","family":"El Bizri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia de Vertebrados Terrestres Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel Mamirau\u00e1  Tef\u00e9 Brazil"},{"name":"Rede de Pesquisa para Estudos sobre Diversidade Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Uso da Fauna na Amaz\u00f4nia (RedeFauna)  Manaus Brazil"},{"name":"School of Science, Engineering and Environment University of Salford  Salford UK"},{"name":"Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazon\u00eda y en Latinoam\u00e9rica (ComFauna)  Iquitos Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia E.","family":"Fa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and the Environment Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"},{"name":"CIFOR Headquarters Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)  Bogor Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Valsecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia de Vertebrados Terrestres Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel Mamirau\u00e1  Tef\u00e9 Brazil"},{"name":"Rede de Pesquisa para Estudos sobre Diversidade Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Uso da Fauna na Amaz\u00f4nia (RedeFauna)  Manaus Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Magalh\u00e3es","family":"Rabelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia de Vertebrados Terrestres Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel Mamirau\u00e1  Tef\u00e9 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Mayor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Animal na Amaz\u00f4nia Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz\u00f4nia  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"},{"name":"Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazon\u00eda y en Latinoam\u00e9rica (ComFauna)  Iquitos Peru"},{"name":"Departamento Sanitat i Anatomia Animals Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511661716.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Alves S. L. Ravetta A. L. Paim F. P. Mittermeier R. A. Rabelo R. M. Wallace R. B. Messias M. R. Calouro A. M. Rylands A. B. deMelo F. R. &Boubli J. P.(2021).Ateles chamek(amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T41547A191685783. Retrieved February 24 2023 from10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2021\u20101.RLTS.T41547A191685783.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Primate anatomy: An introduction","author":"Anken\u2010Simons F.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Aquino R. deQueiroz H. L. Paim F. P. Boubli J. P. Mittermeier R. A. Ravetta A. L. Shanee S. Urbani B. deAzevedo R. B. Calouro A. M. Cornejo F. M. &Silva F. E.(2022).Cacajao calvus(amended version of 2021 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T3416A210373615. Retrieved February 24 2023 from10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2022\u20101.RLTS.T3416A210373615.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(89)90101-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-013-9673-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-011-9527-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41110-018-0078-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"Size, function, and life history","author":"Calder W. A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"149","volume-title":"The evolution of primate societies","author":"Chapman C. A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-007-9358-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/pns19980047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051660306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11230-019-09838-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Gastrointestinal tract capacity, food passage rates and the possible role of fiber in diets fed to captive howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in Venezuela","volume":"1990","author":"Crissey S. D.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020316607284"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2888"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyy102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"Neotropical rainforest mammals: A field guide","author":"Emmons L. H.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-013-0769-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381355"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330880108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330900408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350350206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","volume-title":"Primate adaptation and evolution","author":"Fleagle J. G.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330220243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350340211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2010.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/40.5.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X20000231"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2013.00745.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467414000261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.2843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511661716.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253182"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/137780b0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","volume-title":"Plano de Manejo da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel Mamirau\u00e1","author":"IDSM","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","first-page":"108","volume-title":"Primates in perspective","author":"Jack K.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542381.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-4392202200842"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/14219980-20210701"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa921"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139034210.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02192632"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)7:1<8::AID-EVAN3>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2907.2002.00101.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/vz.68.e31612"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","volume-title":"Physiological animal ecology","author":"Louw G. N.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","unstructured":"Lu F. E.(1999).Changes in subsistence patterns and resource use of the Huaorani indians in the Ecuadorian Amazon(Unpublished doctor dissertation). University of North Carolina."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-3647-9_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00052223"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12870"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","volume-title":"Atlas de Anatomia de Esp\u00e9cies Silvestres Amaz\u00f4nicas, Vol. 1. Taxonomia das esp\u00e9cies; Aparelho Digest\u00f3rio","author":"Mayor P.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-08023-200436"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AM05061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-016-1011-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/rodm90184-011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1383182"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78705-3_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23177"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1991.0105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20526"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605317000199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","volume-title":"The ecological implications of body size","author":"Peters R. H.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","unstructured":"Ravetta A. L.(2015 November 04).Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do risco de extin\u00e7\u00e3o deSaguinus fuscicollis fuscicollis(Spix 1823) no Brasil. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.icmbio.gov.br"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330880408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1344-3941.2003.00124.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","volume-title":"Plano de Gest\u00e3o da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel Aman\u00e3","author":"SEMA","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","unstructured":"SNUC. (2000).Lei n. 9.985 de 18 de julho de 2000 Decreto n. 4.340 de 22 de agosto de 2002. Bras\u00edlia\u2010DF(5\u00aa ed). MMA\/SBF. Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/leis\/l9985.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","volume-title":"Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system","author":"Stevens C. E.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","unstructured":"Stevenson P. R. Defler T. R. de laTorre S. Moscoso P. Palacios E. Ravetta A. L. Vermeer J. Link A. Urbani B. Cornejo F. M. Guzm\u00e1n\u2010Caro D. C. Shanee S. Mourth\u00e9 \u00cd. Muniz C. C. Wallace R. B. &Rylands A. B.(2021).Lagothrix lagothricha(amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T160881218A192309103. Retrieved February 24 2023 from10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2021\u20101.RLTS.T160881218A192309103.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140751"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350230402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15381\/rivep.v33i1.22159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892917000510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802900-8.00011-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098\u20102361(1996)15:5<455::AID\u2010ZOO3>3.0.CO;2\u2010A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoy072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","first-page":"729","volume-title":"Canine and feline gastroenterology","author":"Washabau R. J.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02648.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.01.006"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.24751","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T07:36:53Z","timestamp":1692257813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.24751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.24751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24751","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-7691","2692-7691"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-7691","type":"print"},{"value":"2692-7691","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}