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This study examines patterns of growth in functionally relevant features of C1, C2, C4, and C6 in extant humans and apes to understand the development of their disparate morphologies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Linear and angular measurements were taken from 530 cervical vertebrae representing 146 individual humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. Specimens were divided into three age\u2010categories based on dental eruption: juvenile, adolescent, and adult. Inter\u2010 and intraspecific comparisons were evaluated using resampling methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the eighteen variables examined here, seven distinguish humans from apes at the adult stage. Human\u2010ape differences in features related to atlantoaxial joint function tend to be established by the juvenile stage, whereas differences in features related to the nuchal musculature and movement of the subaxial elements do not fully emerge until adolescence or later. The orientation of the odontoid process\u2014often cited as a feature that distinguishes humans from apes\u2014is similar in adult humans and adult chimpanzees, but the developmental patterns are distinct, with human adultlike morphology being achieved much earlier.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The biomechanical consequences of the variation observed here is poorly understood. Whether the differences in growth patterns represent functional links to cranial development or postural changes, or both, requires additional investigation. Determining when humanlike ontogenetic patterns evolved in hominins may provide insight into the functional basis driving the morphological divergence between extant humans and apes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T04:10:44Z","timestamp":1686197444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative ontogeny of functional aspects of human cervical vertebrae"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"183","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4296-2940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thierra K.","family":"Nalley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Anatomical Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences  Pomona California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1427-3010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremiah E.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Anatomical Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences  Pomona California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faye","family":"McGechie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2010Phoenix  Phoenix Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neysa","family":"Grider\u2010Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"},{"name":"Southwest National Primate Research Center Texas Biomedical Research Institute  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"An introduction to human evolutionary anatomy","year":"1990","author":"Aiello L. 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