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Scientists have suggested that psychosocial stress and trauma during childhood may increase one's vulnerability to the mental health consequences of future stressors\u2014a process known as stress sensitization. This prospective analysis assessed whether childhood adversity experienced among South African children across the first 18\u2009years of life, coinciding with the post\u2010apartheid transition, exacerbates the mental health impacts of psychosocial stress experienced during the 2019 coronavirus (COVID\u201019) pandemic (ca. 2020\u20132021).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data came from 88 adults who participated in a follow\u2010up study of a longitudinal birth cohort study in Soweto, South Africa. Childhood adversity and COVID\u201019 psychosocial stress were assessed as primary predictors of adult PTSD risk, and an interaction term between childhood adversity and COVID\u201019 stress was calculated to evaluate the potential effect of stress sensitization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010six percent of adults exhibited moderate\u2010to\u2010severe PTSD symptoms. Greater childhood adversity and higher COVID\u201019 psychosocial stress independently predicted worse post\u2010traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults. Adults who reported greater childhood adversity exhibited non\u2010significantly worse PTSD symptoms from COVID\u201019 psychosocial stress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results highlight the deleterious mental health effects of both childhood trauma and COVID\u201019 psychosocial stress in our sample and emphasize the need for greater and more accessible mental health support as the pandemic progresses in South Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T03:55:51Z","timestamp":1686196551000},"page":"620-631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Childhood adversity during the post\u2010apartheid transition and <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 stress independently predict adult <scp>PTSD<\/scp> risk in urban <scp>S<\/scp>outh <scp>A<\/scp>frica: A biocultural 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