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What constitutes low relative cortical dimensions has not been established across a diverse range of human skeletal samples. This study examines %CA in a large immature skeletal sample to establish typical variation in humans with consideration of both body mass and subsistence strategy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Percentage of cortical area was calculated at the midshaft of the humerus, femur, and tibia in seven skeletal samples. Age at death was estimated from dental development, and body mass from bone dimensions. Patterns of %CA with age and log\u2010transformed body mass were examined in the pooled sample and compared among samples using LOESS regression, Welch's ANOVA, and Kruskal\u2010Wallis tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Across all samples, %CA displays a generally non\u2010linear pattern, but variation in %CA with age was high, particularly in samples with lower levels of %CA. There was no relationship between %CA and age\u2010adjusted body mass.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lack of a relationship between %CA and body mass suggests that %CA should not be used as an indicator of mechanical loading. The variation present across samples implies that appositional bone growth is affected by physiological stress in varying ways. Without a deeper understanding of what is \u201ctypical\u201d for long bone development, it is impossible to draw conclusions about individual or population level health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T11:23:40Z","timestamp":1687951420000},"page":"177-193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gains in relative cortical area during growth and their relationship to nutrition, body size, and physical activity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"182","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4880-3809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libby","family":"Cowgill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6763-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lesley","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marla","family":"MacKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Victoria  Victoria British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9789-6584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen K.","family":"Kurki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Victoria  Victoria British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Nutritional aspects of the development of bone and connective tissue, 7th symposium of the Group of European Nutritionists","author":"Adams P.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Anthropology of medieval Vlakhs in comparative study: On date of Mistikhaly burial site","author":"Alexeeva T. 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