{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:12:13Z","timestamp":1785129133327,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limb synovial joints exhibit complex shapes that must accommodate often\u2010antagonistic demands of function, mobility, and stability. These demands presumably dictate coordination among joint articular shapes, but the structure of morphological covariance within and among joints is unknown. This study analyzes the human shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee to determine how articular covariance is structured in relation to joint structure, accessory cartilage, and function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surface models were created from the CT scans of 200 modern skeletons from the University of Tennessee Donated Skeletal Collection. Three\u2010dimensional landmarks were collected on the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints. Two\u2010block partial least squares were conducted to determine associations between surfaces of conarticular shapes, functionally analogous articulations, and articulations belonging to the same bone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Except for the components of the shoulder, all conarticular pairs exhibit covariance, though the strength of these relationships appears unrelated to the amount of accessory cartilage in the joint. Only the analogous articulations of the humerus and femur exhibit significant covariance, but it is unlikely that this pattern is due to function alone. Stronger covariance within the lower limb than the upper limb is consistent broader primate patterns of within\u2010limb integration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the exception of the elbow, complementary joint function does not appear to promote strong covariance between articulations. Analogous humeral and femoral surfaces are also serially homologous, which may result in the articular associations observed between these bones. Broadly, these patterns highlight the indirect relationship between joint congruence and covariance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T14:44:05Z","timestamp":1694616245000},"page":"401-411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Covariance in human limb joint articular morphology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"182","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1138-3935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haley","family":"Horbaly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Performance, Congdon School of Health Sciences High Point University  High Point North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Congdon School of Health Sciences High Point University  High Point North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Adams D. C. Collyer M. L. Kaliontzopoulou A. &Baken E. K.(2021).Geomorph: Software for geometric morphometric analyses (Version R package version 4.0.2). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/cran.r-project\/org\/package=geomorph"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-021-09532-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed A. Burke D. &Yu A.(1983).In\u2010vitro measurement of static pressure distribution in synovial joints\u2014part II: retropatellar surface.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138410"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198706000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Morphometric parameters of the glenoid labrum","volume":"23","author":"Alashkham A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13582"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(92)90102-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2011.02381.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)00035-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2006.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4054276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100060604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03191-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.07.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411914550848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connolly K. Ronsky J. Westover L. K\u00fcpper J. &Frayne R.(2009).Analysis techniques for congruence of the patellofemoral joint.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3212111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1994.1023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(66)90022-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00879.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(80)90058-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.30B4.664"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00132585-200311010-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)58346-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678008990887"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00457-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1997.10010977"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0000000000000327"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4027938"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(91)90334-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","unstructured":"Horbaly H.(2023).Modern human articular landmarks [Data set]. Zenodo.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.7838110"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24829","volume-title":"Variation in human limb joint articular morphology","author":"Horbaly H.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-006-0126-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.17.3789"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325002014010095"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.073056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","volume-title":"Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution","author":"Kardong K. V.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2010.01561.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","volume-title":"Kinesiological characteristics of primate walking: its significance in human walking","author":"Kimura T.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2010.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","volume-title":"Data Collection Procedures for Forensic Skeletal Materials 2.0. In T. U. o. T","author":"Langley N.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971030-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198264060-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320250626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-005-0014-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-007-0556-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B4.0840607"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","volume-title":"Primate origins and evolution","author":"Martin R. D.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980401)76:4<291::AID-AJMG3>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mporth.2010.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cuor.2008.04.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Differential effects of embryonic immobilization on the development of fibrocartilaginous skeletal elements","volume":"37","author":"Mikic B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Structure and function of articular cartilage","volume":"3","author":"Mow V.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Basic Orthopedic Biomechanics and Mechano\u2010Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70064-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10785"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198010000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017526"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/106351500750049806"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-009-9049-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2008.00583.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12773"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198668010-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738109350438"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23274"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22624"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148371"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"Team, R. C","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.125.19.3831"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.072499mt"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.024158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.67612"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197506000-00027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.25.7.480"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icx115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00980.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911856107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202000319"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.24826","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T19:01:08Z","timestamp":1697310068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.24826"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.24826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24826","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-7691","2692-7691"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-7691","type":"print"},{"value":"2692-7691","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}