{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T05:47:37Z","timestamp":1771048057324,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015382","name":"Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Kingdom of Kush in today's northern Sudan and southern Egypt (ancient Nubia) is often depicted as a secondary state relative to ancient Egypt. More recent investigations have set aside Egyptocentric and western, colonialist perspectives of state development focused on control of land and agricultural surplus, examining Kushites through the lens of African\u2010based models of mobile pastoralism in which power and authority were achieved through control of herds and alliance\u2010building. Here, analyses of radiogenic strontium isotopes in human dental enamel are used to investigate diachronic shifts in mobility patterns linked to pastoralism and state development during the Kerma period (ca. 2500\u20131100\u2009BCE).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From five cemetery sites around al Qinifab, Sudan, upstream of the capital at Kerma, we analyzed the strontium isotope ratios of 50 teeth from 27 individuals dating from the Early through Late Kerma phases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals from the Early and Middle Kerma phases demonstrated considerable <jats:sup>87<\/jats:sup>Sr\/<jats:sup>86<\/jats:sup>Sr ratio variability (mean\u2009=\u20090.70835\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00109), with 50% falling outside the locally bioavailable strontium range. Conversely, most Classic (0.70756\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00043) and Late Kerma (0.70755\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00036) individuals exhibited ratios consistent with the local region.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These changes indicate a potential transformation in subsistence strategies and social organization as early communities engaged in a more mobile lifestyle than later groups, suggesting a greater degree of pastoralism followed by declining mobility with Kushite state coalescence and a shift to agropastoralism. Because <jats:sup>87<\/jats:sup>Sr\/<jats:sup>86<\/jats:sup>Sr ratios from enamel reflect childhood geographic residence, these findings indicate that mobility likely involved extended family groups, and not just transhumant adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T09:24:36Z","timestamp":1691141076000},"page":"279-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigating mobility and pastoralism in <scp>Kerma<\/scp>\u2010period communities upstream of the fourth cataract, Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"182","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6608-7709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lesley A.","family":"Gregoricka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology Anthropology, &amp; Social Work, University of South Alabama  Mobile Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9277-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda J.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution &amp; Social Change Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21258"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"841","volume-title":"The fourth cataract and beyond: Proceedings of the 12th international conference for Nubian studies","author":"Baker B. J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118962954.ch9"},{"issue":"64","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"Foreign exchange in the fourth cataract region of ancient Nubia. Poster, 86th annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, New Orleans","volume":"162","author":"Baker B. J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2004.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10816-006-9009-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.2005.00223.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(99)00075-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"Meroitica 13","author":"Bradley R.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10963-015-9089-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02437238"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Research series No. 44","author":"Buikstra J. E.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/506288"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.2009.00503.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22235"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2006.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aman.12524"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JG002992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/janeh-2021-0015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","volume-title":"Geoarchaeological investigations and landscape reconstruction between the 4th and 5th cataract (Sudan). (Unpublished report)","author":"Draganits E.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20639"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021853797007172"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203482766"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Origini. Prehistory and protohistory of ancient civilizations","author":"Emberling G.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(85)80029-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.2001.0745"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jaar.1994.1002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","volume-title":"Principles of isotope geology","author":"Faure G.","year":"1986"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"41A","article-title":"Oxygen isotopes in mammoth teeth: Sample design, mineralization patterns, and enamel\u2010dentin comparisons","volume":"18","author":"Fisher D. C.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2458\/azu_jaei_v06i1_gatto"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10256019708234047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1252"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13110\/humanbiology.89.4.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/718184"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3498-2_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2014.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","volume-title":"Nubia: Studies in the archaeology and history of Northeast Africa series","author":"Gregoricka L. A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(97)00030-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01399.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","first-page":"311","volume-title":"The fourth cataract and beyond: Proceedings of the 12th international conference for Nubian studies","author":"Herbst G.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139170697"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","first-page":"20","volume-title":"The fourth cataract and beyond: Proceedings of the 12th international conference for Nubian studies","author":"Honegger M.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10814-9073-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02473525"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9655.2005.00240.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330830105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10437-005-4189-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20428"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20480"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2016.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21494"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(92)90028-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","first-page":"220","volume-title":"Early Makuria research project: El\u2010Zuma cemetery","author":"Kozieradzka\u2010Ogunmakin I.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302314"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(98)00130-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2002)030<0071:NRSFOT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvdjrr5t.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014469700004952"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959774322000178"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00438243.2021.1999853"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1zckzp7.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153850"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330680103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10190"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00665983.2021.1911099"},{"issue":"52","key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Preliminary isotopic analysis of post\u2010Meroitic to Christian period Nubians from the Ginefab school site, Sudan. Poster, 80th annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists' conference. Minneapolis, MN","volume":"144","author":"Masoner M. A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/18741665-12340041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11759-023-09473-6"},{"issue":"73","key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Visiting the dead: Patterns of grave re\u2010entry in ancient Nubia. Paper, 91st annual meeting of the American Association of Biological Anthropologists, Denver, CO","volume":"177","author":"Mihal C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","volume-title":"Nubia: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Northeast Africa series","author":"Mihal C. L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/146141010X12640787648694"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvdjrr5t.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20290-2_62"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/21915784-bja10022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2011.03.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(89)90017-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(02)00933-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gea.20230"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","first-page":"126","volume-title":"The chemistry of prehistoric human bone","author":"Price T. D.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-4754.00047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1994.1031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Faunal remains in Kerma to Napatan period burials from the ASU BONE concession","volume":"24","author":"Ptacek A. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sudan & Nubia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1553\/AEundL29s355"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","volume-title":"Dongola and Berber geological map, 1:1,000,000","author":"Robertson Research","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3316938"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004473782_006"},{"issue":"46","key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","first-page":"184","article-title":"Biogeochemical evidence of human mobility in medieval Nubia","volume":"135","author":"Sandberg P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Abstract, American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"issue":"54","key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Intra\u2010tooth stable isotope analysis of human dental tissues: Laser ablation of enamel and serial sections of dentine collagen in permanent first molars and canines","volume":"147","author":"Sandberg P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2019.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00064693"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","first-page":"211","volume-title":"The chemistry of prehistoric human bone","author":"Sillen A.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(98)00182-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2021.105068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5744\/bi.2022.0024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","volume-title":"Wretched Kush: Ethnic identities and boundaries in Egypt's Nubian empire","author":"Smith S. T.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030751334503100102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235414"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Animal proxies to characterize the strontium biosphere in the northeastern Nile Delta","volume":"13","author":"Stantis C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioarchaeology of the Near East"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/arcm.12845"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22474"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002203457905800214011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2330\/joralbiosci1965.21.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2013.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7061(02)00134-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/janeh-2021-0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvdjrr5t.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"Comments on the classification of the basement complex of the Red Sea Hills","volume":"51","author":"Whiteman A. J.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Sudan Notes and Records"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2010.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2015.10.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2004.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20569"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.24827","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T06:44:27Z","timestamp":1695883467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.24827"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.24827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24827","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-7691","2692-7691"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-7691","type":"print"},{"value":"2692-7691","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}