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Australopithecus (A.) afarensis<\/jats:italic> is among the best represented fossil hominins and provides critical information about the evolution of musculoskeletal design and locomotion in the hominin lineage. Here, we develop and evaluate a three\u2010dimensional (3\u2010D) musculoskeletal model of the pelvis and lower limb of A. afarensis<\/jats:italic> for predicting muscle\u2010tendon moment arms and moment\u2010generating capacities across lower limb joint positions encompassing a range of locomotor behaviors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>A 3\u2010D musculoskeletal model of an adult A. afarensis<\/jats:italic> pelvis and lower limb was developed based primarily on the A.L. 288\u20101 partial skeleton. The model includes geometric representations of bones, joints and 35 muscle\u2010tendon units represented using 43 Hill\u2010type muscle models. Two muscle parameter datasets were created from human and chimpanzee sources. 3\u2010D muscle\u2010tendon moment arms and isometric joint moments were predicted over a wide range of joint positions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Predicted muscle\u2010tendon moment arms generally agreed with skeletal metrics, and corresponded with human and chimpanzee models. Human and chimpanzee\u2010based muscle parameterizations were similar, with some differences in maximum isometric force\u2010producing capabilities. The model is amenable to size scaling from A.L. 288\u20101 to the larger KSD\u2010VP\u20101\/1, which subsumes a wide range of size variation in A. afarensis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion<\/jats:title>This model represents an important tool for studying the integrated function of the neuromusculoskeletal systems in A. afarensis<\/jats:italic>. It is similar to current human and chimpanzee models in musculoskeletal detail, and will permit direct, comparative 3\u2010D simulation studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T08:20:55Z","timestamp":1693988455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A three\u2010dimensional musculoskeletal model of the pelvis and lower limb of Australopithecus afarensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"183","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9614-7813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew C.","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Midwestern University Glendale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akinori","family":"Nagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Science 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