{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:14:53Z","timestamp":1790824493566,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008247","name":"University of Otago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fossils from the Fayum Depression, Egypt, are crucial for understanding anthropoid evolution due to the abundance of taxa and the time interval they represent (late Eocene to early Oligocene). Dietary and foraging behavioral interpretations suggest fruits were their dominant food source, although hard foods (e.g., seeds and nuts) and leaves could have been important dietary components for particular groups. In this study, we compare dental chipping patterns in five Fayum primate genera with chipping data for extant primates, to assess potential hard object feeding in early anthropoids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Original specimens were studied (\n                      <jats:italic>Aegyptopithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                      :\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009100 teeth;\n                      <jats:italic>Parapithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                      :\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200972,\n                      <jats:italic>Propliopithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                      :\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200999,\n                      <jats:italic>Apidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      :\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200982;\n                      <jats:italic>Catopithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                      :\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200968); with the number, severity, and position of chips recorded. Dental caries was also recorded, due to its association with soft fruit consumption in extant primates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tooth chipping was low across all five genera studied, with a pooled chipping prevalence of 5% (21\/421). When split into the three anthropoid families represented, chipping prevalence ranged from 2.6% (4\/154) in Parapithecidae, 6% (12\/199) in Propliopithecidae, and 7.4% (5\/68) in Oligopithecidae. Three carious lesions were identified in Propliopithecidae.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The chipping prevalence is low when compared to extant anthropoids (range from 4% to 40%) and is consistent with a predominantly soft fruit diet, but not with habitual hard food mastication. The presence of caries supports consumption of soft, sugary fruits, at least in Propliopithecidae. Our results add support for low dietary diversity in early anthropoids, with soft fruits as likely dominant food sources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T05:01:04Z","timestamp":1702530064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Tooth chipping patterns and dental caries suggest a soft fruit diet in early anthropoids"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"183","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0939-7222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Towle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Borths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Lemur Center Museum of Natural History Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8949-4008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Loch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Ancestors: The hard evidence","author":"Andrews P.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199808)106:4<413::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804159105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(82)80008-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381458"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2022.105357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Abnormal conditions of the teeth of animals in their relationship to similar conditions in man","author":"Colyer F.","year":"1931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02707-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2020.102742"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523825113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Primate adaptation and evolution","author":"Fleagle J. G.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"Ancestors: The hard evidence","author":"Fleagle J. G.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(87)90036-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03006731"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(87)90060-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118332344.ch20"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11295-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0764-4469(99)80010-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330550305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5301.797"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02692256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"353","article-title":"Dental formulae and dental eruption patterns in Parapithecidae","volume":"63","author":"Kay R. F.","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2000.0450"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(80)90056-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2011.00181.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330810309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20729"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:4<133::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Enamel structure in primates: A review of scanning electron microscope studies","volume":"2","author":"Martin L. B.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scanning Microscopy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2003.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2023.103387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","volume-title":"Early catarrhines of the African Eocene and Oligocene. The primate fossil record","author":"Rasmussen D. T.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1998.0254"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2019.0671"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000338103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600689103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21335"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2001.0508"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116569"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","volume-title":"Paleogene anthropoids. Cenozoic mammals of Africa","author":"Seiffert E. R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba1135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330380610"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(86)80046-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051003398"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.5.2559"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330980305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","volume-title":"Evolutionary history of the primates","author":"Szalay F. S.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199612)101:4<527::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24674"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23250"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23349"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","article-title":"Chipping and wear patterns in extant primate and fossil hominin molars: \u2018Functional\u2019 cusps are associated with extensive wear but low levels of fracture","volume":"151","author":"Towle I.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2023.103413"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2023.105752"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908320107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2022.105524"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.24884","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T23:29:01Z","timestamp":1706052541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.24884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.24884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24884","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-7691","2692-7691"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-7691","type":"print"},{"value":"2692-7691","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e24884"}}