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Percent directional asymmetry (DA) and absolute asymmetry (AA) for each dimension were compared among bones, osteometric subcategories, and sex. Additionally, side bias and sex differences were assessed in degenerative joint disease (DJD) and entheseal changes (ECs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nearly all measurements revealed significant asymmetry favoring the right side. Asymmetry was most pronounced in midshaft dimensions with few sex differences. There were more correlations among dimensions within elements than between elements, mainly in the midshaft. No laterality in DJD frequencies was noted for either sex, but females demonstrated significantly lower odds of having DJD than males in most joints. Most ECs demonstrated a right\u2010bias and association with DA with no sex\u2010specific patterns except the biceps brachii insertion, where females were ~5 times more likely to be scored \u201cright\u201d than males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The general lack of sex differences in asymmetry and ECs suggests similarly demanding workloads for females and males, with the exception of sex\u2010specific functional loading differences in the forearm. Further, DJD data suggest males engaged in more intensive activities involving the upper limb. These results enhance understanding of workload in this important historical period and provide a comparison for asymmetry in past populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T06:25:21Z","timestamp":1703226321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sex differences in workload in medieval Poland: Patterns of asymmetry and biomechanical adaptation in the upper limb at Giecz"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"183","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1985-2572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma T.","family":"Brzezinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"},{"name":"Skeletal Biology Research Lab The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4433-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Hubbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3079-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randee L.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"},{"name":"Skeletal Biology Research Lab The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8733-4078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Agnew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"},{"name":"Skeletal Biology Research Lab The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22156"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.2597"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129458"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/anre-2014-0015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2022.103221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199911)110:3<341::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24425"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"The countryside of medieval England","author":"Astill G.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"East central and Eastern Europe in the early middle ages","author":"Barford P. 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