{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T07:01:45Z","timestamp":1792047705139,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5P20GM103451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P20GM103451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies of human sexual dimorphism and gender disparities in health focus on ostensibly universal molecular sex differences, such as sex chromosomes and circulating hormone levels, while ignoring the extraordinary diversity in biology, behavior, and culture acquired by different human populations over their unique evolutionary histories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using RNA\u2010Seq data and whole genome sequences from 1000G and HGDP, we investigate variation in sex\u2010biased gene expression across 11 human populations and test whether population\u2010level variation in sex\u2010biased expression may have resulted from adaptive evolution in regions containing sex\u2010specific regulatory variants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We find that sex\u2010biased gene expression in humans is highly variable, mostly population\u2010specific, and demonstrates between population reversals. Expression quantitative trait locus mapping reveals sex\u2010specific regulatory regions with evidence of recent positive natural selection, suggesting that variation in sex\u2010biased expression may have evolved as an adaptive response to ancestral environments experienced by human populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results indicate that sex\u2010biased gene expression is more flexible than previously thought and is not generally shared among human populations. Instead, molecular phenotypes associated with sex depend on complex interactions between population\u2010specific molecular evolution and physiological responses to contemporary socioecologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T13:39:57Z","timestamp":1702647597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sex\u2010biased gene regulation varies across human populations as a result of adaptive evolution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"183","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2982-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam Z.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico 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France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01605-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2008.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620541114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.17.155549"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2009.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evs093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1550-8579(06)80198-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay5012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03244-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906171116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-07-741025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.1057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2012.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03236-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004601"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(90)90491-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.134981.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21834"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(80)90050-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.14.100185.002241"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-120215-035429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711788115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199909)110:1<27::AID-AJPA3>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.495"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coisb.2016.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0201-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/27694127.2023.2181915"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601301113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn289"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12531"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.07.013"},{"issue":"550","key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Differential 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