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This study also addresses questions related to sexual dimorphism, incidence of sinus aplasia, and the possibility that FSV continues to increase through adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>FSV was measured from CT scans of adult crania from the Dart Collection. Sex and age were known for each individual. Linear cranial dimensions were used to compute a geometric mean from which a scaled FSV was computed for each cranium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>FSV does not differ significantly between sexes, but females exhibit a higher incidence of aplasia. There is considerable variation in FSV in this sample, with the average ranking among the higher means reported for other population samples. The incidence of FS aplasia falls within the range of values recorded for other population samples. Although our study is cross\u2010sectional rather than longitudinal, there is strong evidence that FSV continues to increase with age throughout adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The FSV mean of our sample contradicts the notion that sub\u2010Saharan Africans possess small sinuses. In a global context, geography (climate and altitude) does not appear to be related to FSV. The absence of sexual dimorphism in our sample is unexpected, as significant dimorphism has been reported for most other population samples. Our results support other indications that the frontal sinus continues to expand throughout adulthood, especially in females, and that it is likely due to bone resorption.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T09:35:21Z","timestamp":1706175321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Variation, sexual dimorphism, and enlargement of the frontal sinus with age in adult South Africans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Victoria A.","family":"Greening","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5474-0501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie S.","family":"Mongle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"},{"name":"Turkana Basin Institute Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendon K.","family":"Billings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Variation and Identification Research Unit, School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Mngomezulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1837-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian J.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5310-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick E.","family":"Grine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-022-00308-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2011.25.3552"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2016.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006756"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2970w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"299","article-title":"Volumetric measurements and anatomical variants of paranasal sinuses of Africans (Nigerians) using dry crania","volume":"3","author":"Amusa Y. 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