{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:51:00Z","timestamp":1790812260799,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006601","name":"Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005729","name":"University of Salento","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005729","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper starts from the unusual observation of the overrepresentation of females among adults in the cemetery of Bronze Age Shahr\u2010i Sokhta (Seistan, Iran) and explores the post marital residence pattern. By integrating taphonomical (skeletal preservation), anthropological (sex ratio [SR], sexual dimorphism, stress indicators, age at death), archeological (long distance trade indicators, habitation floor area, social role of women), and ancient DNA (heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes) data we test the hypothesis of post marital matrilocality in the site.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We computed the SR (pelvis\u2010based sex determination) in a random unpublished adult sample from the cemetery of Shahr\u2010i Sokhta and in two samples previously published by other authors. We used comparative data on SR from: a large Supra Regional multi\u2010chronological sample of sites,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200947, with 8808 adult sexed individuals, from Southern Europe, Egypt, Middle East, Southern Russia; a Regional Bronze Age sample of sites (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910) from Bactria Margiana and Indus Valley with 1324 adult sexed individuals. We estimated the heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes compared with the rest of the autosomes on the assumption that in a matrilocal society females should show lower variability than men.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adult SR in a sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009549) from Shahr\u2010i Sokhta is 70.5, the overrepresentation of females is shared with Regional Bronze Age sites from Bactria Margiana (SR\u2009=\u200972.09) and Indus Valley (SR\u2009=\u200967.54). On the contrary, in a larger Supra Regional multi\u2010chronological sample of sites, mean SR ranges between 112.7 (Bronze Age) and 163.1 (Middle Ages). Taphonomical and anthropological indicators do not explain the overrepresentation of female skeletons. Archeological indicators suggest a high social status of women and that the society was devoted to long range trade activities. heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes are in agreement with a matrilocal society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Indicators suggest that Bronze Age Shahr\u2010\u00ec Sokhta was a matrilocal society and that long distance trade was an important economic factor producing an overrepresentation of adult female skeletons in the cemetery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T10:01:16Z","timestamp":1707818476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Female biased adult sex ratio in the Bronze Age cemetery of Shahr\u2010i Sokhta (Iran) as an indicator of long distance trade and matrilocality"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"183","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5382-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Vincenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MAIPS, Multidisciplinary Archaeological Italian Project at Shahr\u2010i Sokhta \u2010 Dipartimento Beni Culturali, Laboratorio di Antropologia Fisica Universit\u00e0 del Salento Lecce Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Molinaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics University of Tartu Tartu Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mansur Seyed","family":"Sajjadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian Center for Archaeological Research Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Pagani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics University of Tartu Tartu Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3633-0178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Francesco","family":"Fabbri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAIPS, Multidisciplinary Archaeological Italian Project at Shahr\u2010i Sokhta Universit\u00e0 del Salento Lecce Italy"},{"name":"Museo Fiorentino di Preistoria Firenze Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190510"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Who holds the keys? 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