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Here we compare long bone structural properties of the inhabitants of the late prehistoric\u2010early historic Pecos Pueblo with those of present\u2010day Indigenous individuals from New Mexico.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Femora and tibiae of 126 adults from Pecos Pueblo and 226 present\u2010day adults were included in the study. Cross\u2010sectional diaphyseal properties\u2014areas and second moments of area\u2014were obtained from past studies of the Pecos Pueblo skeletal sample, and from computed tomography scans of recently deceased individuals in the present\u2010day sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Femora and tibiae from Pecos individuals are stronger relative to body size than those of present\u2010day Indigenous individuals. Present\u2010day individuals are taller but not wider, and this body shape difference affects cross\u2010sectional shape, more strongly proximally. The tibia shows anteroposterior strengthening among Pecos individuals, especially among males. Sexual dimorphism in midshaft bone shape is stronger within the Pecos Pueblo sample. With aging, Pecos individuals show more medullary expansion but also more subperiosteal expansion than present\u2010day individuals, maintaining bone strength despite cortical thinning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher activity levels, carried out over rough terrain and throughout adult life, likely explain the relatively stronger lower limb bones of the Pecos individuals, as well as their greater subperiosteal expansion with aging. Greater sexual dimorphism in bone structure among Pecos individuals potentially reflects greater gender\u2010based differences in behavioral patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T07:04:44Z","timestamp":1709017484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effects of the industrial transition on lower limb bone structure: A comparison of the inhabitants of Pecos Pueblo and present\u2010day Indigenous peoples of New Mexico"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"184","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2932-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Ruff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6011-477X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian J.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Toya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Department  Pueblo of Jemez New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Antonio Pe\u00f1a","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana Valesca","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Busby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2982-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam Z.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Miller\u2010Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23460"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022464"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10385"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"History of human life span and mortality","author":"Ascadi G.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21131"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.12.2274"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118628430.ch6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199632688.003.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Pecos Pueblo revisited: The biological and social context","author":"Capone P.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(78)90013-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"667","article-title":"Geographical variations in senile osteoporosis. 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