{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:49:33Z","timestamp":1790725773612,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009776","name":"McMaster University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Arts Research Board (ARB) Major Collaborative Project Seed Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Arts Research Board (ARB) Major Collaborative Project Seed Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009776","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2231563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2231563"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research aimed to replicate the Swinson, D., Snaith, J., Buckberry, J., &amp; Brickley, M. (2010). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the investigation of gout in paleopathology. <jats:italic>International Journal of Osteoarchaeology<\/jats:italic>, 20, 135\u2013143. <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oa.1009\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oa.1009<\/jats:ext-link> method for detecting uric acid in archeological human remains to investigate gout in past populations and to improve the original High Performance Liquid Chromatography\u2010ultraviolet (HPLC\u2010UV) method by using HPLC\u2010mass spectrometry (HPLC\u2010MS), a more sensitive, compound\u2010specific detection method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used reference samples of uric acid to create a dilution series to assess the limits of quantification and detection. Samples from individuals with and without gout lesions were taken from foot bones and ribs from the English cemeteries of Tanyard, Hickleton, Gloucester, and Lincoln.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We could not replicate the results of Swinson and colleagues using HPLC\u2010UV. Tests using a dilution series of uric acid showed HPLC\u2010MS was approximately 100\u00d7 more sensitive than HPLC\u2010UV, with the additional benefit of being compound specific. A newly developed hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) method improved retention characteristics. Fourteen samples from eight individuals, five with skeletal lesions consistent with gout, were analyzed with the final method. None showed evidence of uric acid despite the newly developed method's improved sensitivity and specificity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lack of detectable uric acid extracted from these samples suggests that (1) urate crystals were not present in any of the bone samples, regardless of gout status; (2) urate crystals did not survive these specific archeological conditions; or (3) the concentration of uric acid in our bone extracts was low, and thus larger samples would be required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T09:06:04Z","timestamp":1713258364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["High\u2010performance liquid chromatography (<scp>HPLC<\/scp>) as a means of assessing the presence of uric acid in archeological human remains: Challenges and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"184","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0328-1496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Buckberry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Telford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Castells Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Snaith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Swinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Former Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Healey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8934-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan B.","family":"Brickley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Atkin M.(1983).Excavations on the Ladybellegate street Car Park Gloucester[Unpublished manuscript]. 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