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The association between age and dental caries was assessed using binary logistic regression. The associations among age, time period (pre\u2010 vs. post\u2010Black Death), oral biomarker (dental caries or antemortem tooth loss), and sex were tested using hierarchical log\u2010linear analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The analyses reveal significantly higher odds of dental caries with increasing adult ages, more older adults after the Black Death, different age distributions of dental caries between the sexes, and a greater decrease in the prevalence of dental caries for females after the Black Death. These results appear not to be an artifact of trends in AMTL. However, this study does not yield evidence suggesting that females experienced both a survival advantage and a decline in oral health at late adult ages after the Black Death relative to males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results do not provide evidence of the existence of a male\u2013female health\u2010survival paradox, but they do corroborate existing evidence of improvements in health in general in the aftermath of the Black Death. The decreased prevalence of dental caries after the Black Death may reflect dietary improvements or the effects of selective mortality during the epidemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]],"date-time":"2024-06-23T13:53:30Z","timestamp":1719150810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing the existence of the male\u2013female health\u2010survival paradox in the past: Dental caries in medieval <scp>London<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"185","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0754-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon N.","family":"DeWitte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Behavioral Science University of Colorado  Boulder Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Colorado  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"The effect of dental rehabilitation on the body weight of children with early childhood caries","volume":"21","author":"Acs G.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26420\/jpediatrchildhealthcare.2021.1044"},{"volume-title":"The male\u2013female health\u2010survival paradox: A comparative perspective on sex differences in aging and mortality","year":"2014","author":"Alberts S. 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