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For much of the past, health inequality has been poorly studied, mostly because bioarchaeologists have concentrated upon single sites rather than a broader social landscape. This article compares 476 adults in multiple locations of medieval Cambridge (UK). Samples include ordinary townspeople (All Saints), people living in a charitable institution (the Hospital of St. John), and members of a religious order (the Augustinian Friary). These groups shared many conditions of life, such as a similar range of diseases, risk of injury, and vertebral disk degeneration. However, people living on charity had more indicators of poor childhood health and diet, lower adult stature, and a younger age at death, reflecting the health effects of poverty. In contrast, the Augustinian friars were members of a prosperous, well\u2010endowed religious house. Compared with other groups, they were taller (perhaps a result of a richer diet during their adolescent growth period); their adult carbon and nitrogen isotope values are higher, suggesting a diet higher in terrestrial and\/or marine animal protein; and they had the highest prevalence of foot problems related to fashionable late medieval footwear. As this illustrates, health inequality will take particular forms depending upon the specificities of a social landscape; except in unusual circumstances where a site and its skeletal samples represent a real cross\u2010section of society, inequality is best investigated by comparison across sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T09:35:08Z","timestamp":1724492108000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Health inequality in medieval\n                    <scp>Cambridge<\/scp>\n                    , 1200\u20131500\u2009\n                    <scp>CE<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"185","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3514-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna M.","family":"Dittmar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine  New Orleans USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7424-2094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Inskip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Archaeology and Ancient History University of Leicester  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1755-7174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice K.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7291-7828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"Cessford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Archaeological Unit University of Cambridge  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1009-697X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piers D.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology University of Cambridge  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4744-0332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamsin C.","family":"O'Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology University of Cambridge  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7987-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"Robb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology University of Cambridge  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03890-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00438243.2023.2169341"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330980408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02437238"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2022.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10130"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24494"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains","author":"Buikstra J. 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