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However, the ontogeny of these properties is less understood. Here we investigate changes in cortical bone cross\u2010sectional properties throughout capuchin ontogeny and compare captive versus wild, semi\u2010provisioned groups. Tufted capuchins (<jats:italic>Sapajus<\/jats:italic> spp.) are known to consume relatively hard\/tough foods, while untufted capuchins (<jats:italic>Cebus<\/jats:italic> spp.) exploit less mechanically challenging foods. Previous research indicates dietary differences are present early in development and adult <jats:italic>Sapajus<\/jats:italic> mandibles can resist higher bending\/shear\/torsional loads.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study utilized microCT scans of 22 <jats:italic>Cebus<\/jats:italic> and 45 <jats:italic>Sapajus<\/jats:italic> from early infancy to adulthood from three sample populations: one captive <jats:italic>Cebus<\/jats:italic>, one captive <jats:italic>Sapajus<\/jats:italic>, and one semi\u2010provisioned, free\u2010ranging <jats:italic>Sapajus<\/jats:italic>. Mandibular cross\u2010sectional properties were calculated at the symphysis, P<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, and M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>. If the tooth had not erupted, its position within the crypt was used. A series of one\u2010way ANOVAs were performed to assess differences between and within the sample populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mandible robusticity increases across ontogeny for all three sample populations. <jats:italic>Sapajus<\/jats:italic> were better able to withstand bending and torsional loading even early in ontogeny, but no difference in shear resistance was found. Semi\u2010provisioned, free\u2010ranging <jats:italic>Sapajus<\/jats:italic> tend to show increased abilities to resist bending and torsional loading but not shear loading compared to captive <jats:italic>Sapajus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study helps advance our understanding of the primate masticatory system development and opens the door for further studies into adaptive plasticity in shaping the masticatory apparatus of capuchins and differences in captive versus free\u2010ranging sample populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.25006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T06:38:40Z","timestamp":1721889520000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ontogenetic biomechanics of tufted (<i>Sapajus<\/i>) and untufted (<i>Cebus<\/i>) capuchin 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