{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:07:16Z","timestamp":1792681636882,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore whether synergistic epidemics of measles and scarlet fever in 1860s\u20131870s Victoria, Australia could be characterized as syndemics, we apply the methods of Sawchuk, Tripp, and Samakaroon (<jats:italic>Social Science &amp; Medicine<\/jats:italic> 2022, 295, 112956) to quantify the impact of each of the two major co\u2010occurring epidemic events (1867, 1875) in terms of life expectancy (LE) changes. Sawchuk et al. posit the presence of a harvesting effect, indicated by a statistically significant increase in LE in the immediate post\u2010epidemic \u201cfallow period\u201d, as a criterion for identification of a historical syndemic. We test an alternate hypothesis that the same methods can identify a short\u2010term scarring effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using annual age\u2010 and cause\u2010specific death statistics and census population data, we constructed abridged period life tables for baseline period, potential syndemic year, and \u201cfallow\u201d year for each of the two periods (1860s and 1870s). We compared LE at birth using <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests. We decomposed age\u2010cause\u2010specific mortality according to Arriaga's method to identify age\u2014and cause\u2010specific contributions to LE change.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>LE was significantly lower than baseline (1864\u20131865) in 1867 but not in the \u201cfallow\u201d year (1869). LE in 1875 and the 1878 \u201cfallow\u201d year were both significantly below baseline (1871\u20131873). Age\u2010cause\u2010specific decomposition showed similar patterns for 1867 and 1875 for measles and scarlet fever combined effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence of a scarring effect following the 1875 measles\/scarlet fever combined peak supports the interpretation of this event as a syndemic. We suggest the short\u2010term scarring effect can be a useful additional criterion for identifying historical syndemics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.25008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T11:31:17Z","timestamp":1722511877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A historical syndemic? <scp>The<\/scp> impact of synergistic epidemics of measles and scarlet fever on life expectancy in <scp>Victoria, Australia (1860s\u20131870s)<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"185","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8814-2625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather T.","family":"Battles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip M.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Culture, History and Language Australian National University  Canberra Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2061029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Lucky City: The first generation at Ballarat: 1851\u20131901","author":"Bate W.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"A history of Victoria","author":"Blainey G.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Australians: Historical statistics","author":"Caldwell J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Carolina Population Center. (n.d.).Measure evaluation lesson 5: Expectation at life at birth.https:\/\/www.measureevaluation.org\/resources\/training\/online-courses-and-resources\/non-certificate-courses-and-mini-tutorials\/multiple-decrement-life-tables\/lesson-5.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Introduction to stochastic processes in biostatistics","author":"Chiang C. L.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24517"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Eayres D.(2004).Life table \u2013 Single area worksheet. Life expectancy calculator: LA and ward level [Excel file]. South East Public Health Observatory (SEPHO) Retrieved from October 3 2022.http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20160701175349\/http:\/\/www.sepho.org.uk\/viewResource.aspx?id=8943"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.2019.1618480"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2023.48.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.1986.tb00590.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22840"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114656"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Methods and models in demography","author":"Newell C.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"Office of the Government Statist Victoria. (1863).Census of Victoria 1861. Population tables. Melbourne: Government Printer."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"Office of the Government Statist Victoria. (1873).Census of Victoria 1871. Melbourne: Government Printer."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"Roberts P.(2013).A rose by any other name: Historical epidemiology in late colonial and early modern Victoria(1853\u2013c.1930). Unpublished doctoral dissertation The Australian National University."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3989\/asclepio.2014.08"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Diagnosis as an artefact: A case study to determine the meaning of \u2018ague\u2019 and \u2018remittent fever\u2019 in nineteenth century Victoria","volume":"37","author":"Roberts P. 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