{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T07:49:23Z","timestamp":1753861763109,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000169","name":"Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF BCS\u20101440532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF BCS\u20101440532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000169","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the effects of four treatments for pathogen inactivation in bone tissue (ethanol storage, formalin fixation, gamma irradiation, and heat treatment via autoclave) on stiffness and anisotropy values in bone samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cortical bone samples from the humerus of 14 bovine specimens were subjected to Knoop microindentation analysis in longitudinal and transverse planes of section and four indenter orientations within each section. From each specimen, individual samples were assigned to one of five treatment conditions: 50% ethanol\u2010saline solution, formalin immersion, gamma irradiation, autoclave, and buffered saline (controls). Each sample was microindented 100 times and the resultant stiffness data were analyzed by a resampled factorial analysis of variance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>First\u2010 and second\u2010order interactions as well as main effects of indenter orientation, treatment, and specimen were significant for both transverse and longitudinal sections, with the sole exception that indenter orientation\u2010treatment interaction was nonsignificant for longitudinal sections. Interaction plots reveal that thermal (autoclave) and irradiation treatments depress stiffness values the most, while patterns of indentation stiffness at different orientations are relatively unaffected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patterns of anisotropy are relatively unaffected by preservative treatments, but elastic modulus changes are consistent and unambiguous. Formalin and ethanol treatments are most comparable to controls and represent the best preservative media for mechanical testing. These options, however, are likely to be the least effective for ensuring the inactivation or sterilization of potentially contaminated samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.25038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T11:38:33Z","timestamp":1731670713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Technical note: Effects of chemical, radiational, and thermal treatment of bone tissue on material stiffness and anisotropy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"186","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3458-6682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taylor A.","family":"Polvadore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine  Las Cruces New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace V.","family":"Calhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0108-8986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Daegling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004947550003000207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(84)90029-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-008-9069-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2012.01.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(95)91128-l"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt.2010.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199520120-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-198909000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"The ecology of anthrax in Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"68","author":"Vos V.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Salisbury Medical Bulletin Supplement"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)00020-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-020-01474-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-007-2306-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.45.3060"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"In vitro study of formalin\u2010fixed bone tissues for allogeneic bone grafting","volume":"24","author":"Lu Y. 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