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Incorporating information about individual life history, such as adverse life events, allows for a more thorough understanding of their etiology. This paper adopts the double lens of ontogeny and the life course to analyze indicators of developmental stress in relation to known individual pathologies and developmental patterns of the cranium, vertebrae, and long bones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six skeletal indicators were collected on CT scans or virtual skeletal reconstructions of 1033 contemporary deceased male and female individuals aged between 0 and 20\u2009years from New Mexico: cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, Harris lines, stunting, vertebral neural canal diameters, and bone mineral density. Autopsy reports provided information on age, sex, disease type, and duration. Polychoric and polyserial correlations, boxplots, balloon plots, factor analyses of mixed data, and cluster analyses were used to explore patterns among indicators, ontogeny, sex, and disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presence and prevalence of indicators varied depending on age and disease: Harris lines, stunted growth, and cribra orbitalia were common in younger age groups and in cases of long\u2010term or respiratory illnesses, while porotic hyperostosis was more prevalent in adolescent and young adult males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skeletal indicators of developmental stress are most likely associated with the timing of adverse life events in relation to the corresponding ontogenetic patterns, developmental sensitivity to stressors, and developmental plasticity\/canalization of the different skeletal elements that bear them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.25052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T05:18:14Z","timestamp":1735190294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analyzing Patterns of Skeletal Indicators of Developmental Stress Through the Double Lens of Ontogeny and the Life Course Approach in a Contemporary Reference Sample"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"186","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4788-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise K.","family":"Corron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Nevada  Reno Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cait B.","family":"McPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of New Mexico School of Medicine  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan C.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Orthopaedics University of New Mexico School of Medicine  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4514-772X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lexi","family":"O'Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Population Health University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.660111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.1246"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2011.25.3552"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22905"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444390537"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Identified Skeletal Reference Collections and the Study of Human Variation","author":"Albanese J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22165"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"393","article-title":"Reevaluating Harris Lines\u2014A Comparison Between Harris Lines and Enamel Hypoplasia","volume":"29","author":"Alfonso M. 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