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Once considered a uniquely human feature, PT asymmetries have now been documented in chimpanzees and olive baboons. The goal of the current study was to further investigate the evolution of PT asymmetries in nonhuman primates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We measured PT surface area in chimpanzees (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Pan troglodytes<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200990), bonobos (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Pan paniscus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200921), gorillas (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Gorilla gorilla<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200934), orangutans (<jats:italic>Pongo<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200933), olive baboons (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Papio anubis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009105), rhesus macaques (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Macaca mulatta<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009144), and tufted capuchins (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Sapajus apella<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200929) from magnetic resonance imaging scans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings reveal significant leftward biases in PT surface area among chimpanzees, gorillas, olive baboons, rhesus macaques, and capuchins. We did not find significant population\u2010level asymmetries among orangutans and bonobos, which could be due, in part, to small sample sizes. We also detected significant age effects for rhesus macaques only, and no significant sex effects for any species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The observation of a population\u2010level leftward bias for PT surface area among not only hominids (chimpanzees and gorillas), but also two cercopithecoids (olive baboons and rhesus macaques) and one platyrrhine (tufted capuchins) suggests that PT lateralization was likely present in some early anthropoid primate ancestors and relatives. This provides further evidence that human brains have since undergone changes to the size and connectivity of the PT in response to selection for the cognitive processes needed to support the evolution of language and speech.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.25060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T07:03:28Z","timestamp":1737011008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Planum Temporale Asymmetries in Primates: A Comparative Study in Great Apes and Monkeys"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"186","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3425-2551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela M.","family":"Achorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michale E. 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Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Bastrop Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberley A.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Trinity University  San Antonio Texas USA"},{"name":"Southwest National Primate Research Center Texas Biomedical Research Institute  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2545-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allyson J.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chet C.","family":"Sherwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Schapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michale E. 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