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The degree of fusion of the adult pubic symphysis was evaluated across primate species to gauge whether an open symphysis can be interpreted as an obstetric adaptation in humans and other primates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Symphyseal fusion was assessed in 718 individuals from 67 nonhuman primate species. Variation in fusion in specimens of known ages and sex from four species (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Galago moholi<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Macaca mulatta<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Microcebus murinus<\/jats:italic>,<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Pan troglodytes<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>) was further examined, with detailed analyses of pubic changes by age and sex carried out through logistic regressions in macaques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pubic fusion occurs in most primate species. It is observed earlier in life in males than in females in <jats:italic>Ma. mulatta<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pa. troglodytes<\/jats:italic>, only in males in <jats:italic>Mi. murinus<\/jats:italic>, and does not occur in <jats:italic>Ga. moholi<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>While delayed or absent pubic fusion is more prevalent in female primates, suggesting obstetric adaptation, there is no clear relation with childbirth constraints, as fusion is also observed in species experiencing a tight cephalopelvic fit. Other mechanisms might have evolved to facilitate birth in some species, or nonobstetric selective pressures might be counteracting the obstetric advantages of a flexible symphysis. The preservation of an open symphysis throughout life in humans and some other primates, however, can be best interpreted as convergent evolution due to obstetric selection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.25064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T06:48:36Z","timestamp":1738824516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Variation in Pubic Symphysis Fusion Across Primates: Implications for Obstetric Adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"186","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2504-3886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Torres\u2010Tamayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1768-9049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura T.","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7849-1936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eishi","family":"Hirasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior Kyoto University  Inuyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd C.","family":"Rae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Sussex  Brighton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2895-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia","family":"Betti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276\u2010007\u20100295\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/20430"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20650"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2012.011167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.07.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7317"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559\u2010021\u201001425\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP\u201006\u20100323"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48738\/2022.iss2.809"},{"issue":"75","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"The Human Pubic Symphysis Is an Evolutionary Trade\u2010Off","volume":"180","author":"Grunstra N. 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