{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T07:49:23Z","timestamp":1753861763741,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Growing evidence obfuscates the role obstetrics is thought to have played in the evolution of female\u2010biased pelvic dimorphism. An alternative explanation is offered by the \u201cVirile, Active Gonads and Genitalia in Nether Area (VAGGINA) hypothesis,\u201d which posits that females' larger pelvic organs drive female\u2010biased pelvic dimorphism. The present study tests this hypothesis by evaluating whether females have larger pelvic organs than males and whether dimensions of pelvic organs influence those of the bony pelvic cavity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010pathological pelvic MRIs were compiled from de\u2010identified patients evaluated at Stony Brook University Hospital. Organ and pelvic cavity volumes were determined from segmented structures. Mediolateral and anteroposterior organ and pelvic cavity dimensions were derived from landmark data. <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests and ordinary least squares regression were employed to test specific predictions of the \u201cVAGGINA hypothesis.\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Comparisons of non\u2010reproductive pelvic organ dimensions varyingly demonstrate both female\u2010 and male\u2010biased dimorphism. Reproductive organs, however, demonstrate female\u2010biased dimorphism of such magnitude that female\u2010biased dimorphism is retained in analyses of summed pelvic organs. Despite this sexual dimorphism in organ dimensions, organ dimensions do not have a predictive relationship with corresponding bony pelvic cavity dimensions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The central argument of the \u201cVAGGINA hypothesis,\u201d that large pelvic organs produce large bony pelves, is not supported, indicating more work is needed to understand what forces cause female\u2010biased pelvic dimorphism. Future research may benefit from broader comparative and evolutionary contexts by exploring phylogenetic signals in female pelvic morphology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T05:48:56Z","timestamp":1749016136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Empirical Test of the Relationship Between Pelvic Organs and Pelvic Cavity Dimensions as an Explanation for Female\u2010Biased Pelvic Sex Differences"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"187","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3813-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daphne","family":"Hudson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beiyi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle A.","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.06020237"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)49698-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/HUMREP\/11.2.369"},{"volume-title":"Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction","year":"2020","author":"Callister W. 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